Abstract This paper is a case study of a nine year old boy, Cody who suffers from behavioral problems. The author gives a short history of Cody's life so far - a mother who has been married three times where each marriage was with an abusive partner. The author also relates that Cody was well-adjusted until the birth of a second child by his mother a year and a half ago. The author then describes Cody's personality changes and the consequences that these misbehaviors have. In addition, the author analyzes that Cody lost his coping ability when his step-sibling was born and that many of his actions were attempts to gain his mother's attention. Moreover, the author reasons that Cody has not had any proper role models in his life. In closing, the paper suggests several intervention methods for Cody to correct his antisocial behavior such as positive encouragement and family counseling.
From the Paper "Until one and a half years ago, Cody was a happy, well-adjusted boy despite the circumstances. However, after his mother had a second child by the third husband, Cody's behavior began to change. His grades fell in school and he began getting into fights with other children. He became distant and lost his happy-go-lucky attitude. He became sullen and a boy that used to be polite developed a foul mouth. His personality changed so drastically that it is difficult to recognize him as the same boy."
This paper addresses play in young children as a behavior that is necessary for child development, where play helps a child to develop an awareness of their skills, their environment, and their relationship with their peers and adults alike.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 3 sources, 2002, $ 89.95
Abstract This paper addresses play in young children as a behavior that is necessary for child development, where play helps a child to develop an awareness of their skills, their environment, and their relationship with their peers and adults alike. While the Montessori Method shall be used as the basis for this discussion, other sources are also be addressed to better round out the views on children and play as a learning behavior.
Tags: EDUCATION / CURRICULUM THEORY AND ISSUES, theories of montessori
Abstract This paper argues in favor of a combination of quantitative and qualitative data when evaluating cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) programs. Qualitative research methods are presented in the essay, including self-report questionnaires and rating scales, observational measures and interviewing. This is followed by a discussion on quantitative methods, which include meta-analysis and control groups. The qualitative methods focus mainly on the research methods of CBT in clinical practice, while the quantitative methods investigate the research methods of CBT in theory. Various approaches to evaluating CBT and issues arising from these methods are examined in the paper in order to encourage therapists to evaluate CBT program with extreme care.
Outline:
Single-case Experimental Designs (SCEDs
Qualitative Evaluation
Self-Report Questionnaires and Rating Scales
Observational Measures
Time Sampling
Self-Observation
Interviewing
Quantitative Evaluation
Meta-Analysis
Control Groups
Conclusions
References
Table 1
Questionnaires Frequently used in CBT
Table 2
Types of Control Group Used in CBT Outcome Studies.
From the Paper "In a many Counselling and Psychotherapy studies, research is often conducted through qualitative evaluation (attempts to assess what kind of change has occurred), rather than with quantitative methods, (deciding how much change has occurred). Conversely, CBT has, until quite recently, been dominated by the latter consideration (Ward, et al., 2000). At various points in this essay I will argue for a combination of quantitative and qualitative data as the sensible basis of evaluation for example with single-case experimental designs. Qualitative research methods discussed in this essay are: self-report questionnaires and rating scales, observational measures and interviewing, this is followed by a discussion on quantitative methods, which will include meta-analysis and control groups. The qualitative methods dealt with in this essay will focus mainly on the research methods of CBT in clinical practise, while the quantitative methods will investigate primarily the research methods of CBT in theory. Various methods of evaluating CBT and issues arising from these methods will be handled in this essay to emphasize the need for therapists to choose methods of evaluating CBT programmes with extreme care."
This paper analyzes the goals and conclusions of John Bargh and Melissa Ferguson's article, "Beyond Behaviorism: On the Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes."
Abstract This paper analyzes John Bargh and Melissa Ferguson's article, "Beyond Behaviorism: On the Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes." It describes the goals of the paper and the issues that the authors analyze. It then discusses the empirical evidence that is provided to support the goals or propositions of the paper. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of the research that was done.
Table of Contents:
Goals of the Paper
Empirical Evidence of the Paper
Conclusion of the Paper
Implications for Social Cognition
Further Investigations
Holes in the Research
From the Paper "Bargh and Ferguson cover a tremendous range of information in their study. They begin with a consideration of behaviorism (926-27), with particular emphasis on its failure to open itself to any consideration of the higher order mental processes, so that it tried to treat man as something on par with a rat or a pigeon. Its most noted advocate, B.F. Skinner, eventually failed in his effort to present his doctrine. Turning to the development of cognitive psychology, they discuss the evidence of the automaticity of higher mental processes (928-29), the effects of non-conscious stimuli (929-30), evaluation, emotions, and judgments (930-32), goal-directed behavior (932-38), and controlled processes (932-39)."
Abstract This paper studies the unique needs of school-aged children suffering from Tourette syndrome (TS). The author asserts that more aggressive -- and more understanding -- steps are required to address the students' needs, which often manifest themselves as behavioralissues in the classroom. The paper begins with a general overview of Tourette syndrome. Next, the author discusses early identification, the social stigma attached to TS and the psychological impact it has on children. The paper then looks at how teachers and school administrators are currently responding to TS in their classrooms and then suggests ways to be more proactive and sensitive in their response.
From the Paper "Before discussing some of the particulars with Tourette syndrome (TS) and its impact on children, it might first be helpful to give some background on the condition itself. According to the Tourette Syndrome Association, the condition was first described by Gilles de la Tourette about one hundred years ago. It is considered to be the most debilitating tic disorder, and is characterized by multiform, frequently changing motor and phonic tics. While the cause of TS is not known, it is generally acknowledged that the condition is inherited genetically. Recent studies, however, have found links between children with TS and early childhood bacterial infections, such as strep throat, that may attack the brain nerve cells in children that develop TS. Even though more is known about the condition today than ever before, it rtemains frequently misdiagnosed in childhood as a simple behavior problem. In fact, nearly eighty percent of people who have TS do not learn of their condition through a doctor; rather, they read about the condition in the media and finally put two and two together . Some estimates indicate as many as 200,000 people in the United States are affected by TS, the symptoms of which may include a "strange array of head jerks, facial grimaces, eye blinks, vocal outbursts and other compulsive tics and behaviors." In severe and rare cases, people with TS may even feel compelled to harm themselves by biting their lips and cheeks or banging their head against a wall."
Abstract The paper discusses how, between the ages of 18-23, big life transitions occur, including college, trade school, entering the job market, getting married and having children. The paper reveals that unfortunately, life could also include drug use, underachievement, depression and lack of motivation. The paper presents an examination of techniques that a life coach could use in order to help young adults with behaviorissues learn how to successfully use life skills. The paper explores the importance of positive thinking, open ended questions and self-reflection in young adults.
Outline:
Introduction
Positive Thinking
Open Ended Questions
Self Reflection
Conclusion
From the Paper "Between the ages of 18-23, young adults go through what could arguably be defined as the most significant changes in their adult lives. It is an era in which high school is completed, and adult life begins. That life may include college, trade school, entering the job market, getting married and having children. Unfortunately, that life could also include drug use, underachievement, depression and lack of motivation as well. It is during this five year window that that the pattern is set to will govern the rest of that person's life. While it is possible to change behaviors and outcomes at any age, the first five years of being launched into the adult world can be crucial to setting one up for success."
Abstract This paper examines the biological vs. social and cultural perspectives of mental health, clearly emphasizing the social and cultural approach more so than the biological one, since current trends indicate that this is a key issue in the field of mental health today. The paper investigates mental illness primarily from the standpoint that mental illness may result from social and cultural factors more so than biological ones. However the paper also carefully provides a solid foundation for promoting both views and treatment approaches to mental illness in the attempt to better understand mental illness and its impact on society in general.
Current Issues in Mental Health: Examining Mental Illness From a Cultural
and Social Perspective
Introduction
Mental Illness as Biology?
Mental Illness from a Cultural Perspective
The Mind as Machine
The Use of Psychiatric Medications to Treat Illness
Duality of Disease
The Stigma of Mental Illness
Conclusions/Analysis
References
From the Paper "Wakefiled (1994) poses the question of whether or not the concept of a mental disorder might be culturally relative (Kirk & Einbinder, pp.11-17). He suggests that mental disorders may result more from cultural and social influences and factors than biological ones. His theory is based on the notion that people respond differently to different things based in part on their upbringing, surroundings and social environment. People also have the inherent capability of being conditioned to respond in a certain manner to certain things. What might be considered normal for one person in one culture may be considered aberrant behavior in another."
Abstract The primary focus of this paper is an examination of aggression related to behavioral types in order to determine the extent to which aggression relates to behavior. Three separate aggression analysis scales are used to survey undergraduate students to determine what behavior types and other aggression patterns could be distinguished between men and women. In addition, a comprehensive literature review is presented that examined prior research conducted with regard to aggression and behavior. The paper contends that the results suggest that men are more likely to demonstrate aggression associated with behaviors related to their perceptions of self-esteem and peer pressure and other behavioral dysfunctions or discomfort. Women are more likely to be the victims of aggression, but will act out when provoked. These ideas are explored in the paper in greater detail.
From the Paper "From a behavioral standpoint aggression exhibited in males has been linked with behavioral patterns including a concern with honor and face-saving mechanisms, particularly in certain subcultures including the southern U.S. (Graham & Wells, 2001: 595). In other studies male aggression is considered a more 'normative' behavior pattern and among males generally considered more acceptable and pleasurable as an activity (Graham & Wells, 2001). The primary behavior associated with aggression in females that is suggested by studies is jealousy, though aggression in women has also been linked with previous aggression or misbehavior from another person that incites aggressive activities in the female aggressor (Graham & Wells, 2001). This behavioral trait may be linked to insecurities or peer pressure that causes females to feel the need to compete. Females are more likely to demonstrate female to female aggression rather than aggressive tendencies toward a member of the opposite sex as well (Bateman et. al, 1998)."
Abstract This paper reviews and analyzes Gestalt and behavior therapy. According to the paper, Gestalt therapy is a psychological system that stresses integration of body and mind factors by developing self-awareness and personal responsibility. The paper goes on to discuss behavior therapy, stating that there are several approaches to cognitive-behavioral therapy, including rational emotive behavior therapy, rational behavior therapy, rational living therapy, cognitive therapy and dialectic behavior therapy.
From the Paper "Therefore, the therapeutic process encourages the client to interact with the environment, as a group, as an individual, and on many different levels, with different techniques, from using battacca bats to whack furniture, to imaging and interacting with the image in their mind by conversing with it out loud. The techniques used in therapy vary as widely as the therapists and clients, from principles based on Holism, Field theory, figure formation, organismic, the concept of the Now and "unfinished business." The therapist dialogues with warmth and caring, yet remains "invisible," as the client is encouraged to interact with the field (environment). The client must think of him- or herself as an abstract area in a limitless "field," thus, therapy is "unpredictable," or follows moment to moment dictum. (Doermann, 2002)"
Abstract This paper discusses applied behavior analysis (ABA) and explains that it follows accepted theory that autism is neurologically based and affects a variety of behaviors. An attempt is made in the paper to differentiate between applied behavior analysis (ABA) and any of the myriad programs of behavioral modification which rely on it as a basis for their work. The paper also relates the seven essential elements that make up the ABA approach and provides general recommendations as to what constitutes a good program. The paper contends that parents' first priority must be to have their child evaluated with an acceptable assessment test. The paper then discusses how the goal of applied behavior analysis may be achieved when the child can be satisfactorily mainstreamed.
From the Paper "Today it is in the news for its use with children, particularly those children diagnosed with autism. But it is important to make the differentiation between ABA and any of the myriad programs of behavioral modification which rely on it as a basis for their work. ABA is not a program in itself. It is a framework for a scientific approach to the problem. It is, rather, an umbrella under which many different systems and theories can operate. It may seem to be splitting hairs, but ABA is not synonymous with any of the various programs which may claim it as their own private domain."
Abstract This paper details a study conducted to examine the effects of religion on behavior in elementary students to see if any correlation is evident. The study was conducted under the assumption that religion does, in fact, have an influence on the behaviors of young subjects. The primary hypothesis of the study is that subjects are more likely to show positive behaviors if they participate in religious activities. The results reported indicate that there is a significant statistical correlation between religious activity and positive behavior in females, but not in males.
From the Paper "The results suggested that there was a significant relationship between previous religious activity and classroom behavior. The hypothesis was that previous religious activity would lead to a better rating of behavior in the classroom setting. In the study, 85% of the subjects reported having previously had religious activities (17 subjects), whereas 15% (3 subjects) had not. Of the sample of 12 girls and 8 boys, 10 females had obtained religious instruction or participated in religious activity, as had 7 boys. Two females and 1 male had not previously received religious instruction or had not participated in religious activities. When corresponded with the instructor's evaluation of behaviors, it was concluded that the females who had received previous religious instruction or had participated in religious activities were more like to show more positive behaviors, whereas the males showed no difference in behaviors between the two groups."
Abstract This paper explains the basic assumptions underlying Ajzen's theory of planned behavior and its objectives. The paper asserts that, while the theory is a well-constructed explanation of human behavior with significant strengths, it also has weaknesses, beginning with the premise upon which it is based. Finally, the paper looks at how the theory of planned behavior can be used successfully in the nursing profession.
From the Paper "The theory of planned behavior (TPB) rests on two assumptions: that humans are rational beings and as such make use of information to guide their actions and; that individuals determine the implications of future actions before engaging in them. The objectives of TPB are not only to explain behavior but also to predict and modify it. It states that intent is the most important determinant of one's actions. Intention is comprised of an individual's attitude toward a particular situation and its corresponding environmental pressures, called subjective norms. A third antecedent to action, labeled perceived behavioral control, is one's estimation of the ease or difficulty involved in carrying out a particular task. TPB claims that positive attitudes and subjective norms along with greater perceived control increase the likelihood of one's intention to act."
Abstract This paper studies the application of behavior modification therapy. The paper begins by defining behavioral modification and its theoretical premises. Next the paper discusses the theories and practices of major theorists such as Thorndike, Watson and Skinner. The paper examines the application of behavior modification in marriage and family therapy, as well as its integration into behavior-oriented therapy.
From the Paper "Based on the theoretical premise that human behavior precedes thoughts, feelings and actions, acts in the future..."
An overview of cognitive behavior therapy, focusing on the roles of the therapist and patient and how it compares to other therapies used in psychology.
3,720 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 6 sources, 2006, $ 133.95
Abstract This paper discusses cognitive behavioral therapy and the elements of its practice. It also explores the therapist and patient roles of cognitive behavioral therapy, and how it relates to other therapies currently used in psychology. Adlerian therapy, person centered therapy, existential therapy, Gestalt therapy, reality therapy, solution oriented brief therapy, multi-modal therapy, feminist therapy, and rational emotion behavior therapy are discussed and contrasted to traditional cognitive behavioral therapy. Through these comparisons a focus on the central characteristics of these therapies is evident, providing a framework for patients and professionals to determine which therapy would be most effective for the needs of particular patients.
Abstract The following paper examines how agitation, which is broadly characterized by anxiety accompanied by restlessness, is by far the most common cause for psychiatric consultation for the aged. The writer discusses how attempts to meaningfully categorize different agitated behaviors are in their infancy. The writer discusses why it is essential to distinguish truly problematic behaviors that dictate immediate intervention from "nuisance" behaviors or symptoms, such as repetitive questioning or non-upsetting visual hallucinations, which are probably better managed through caregiver education.
From the Paper "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for the elderly aims to change the way patients behave by focusing on the actual behavior rather than basing the solution on the emotions of the individual being treated and the associative causes. These include behavioral disorders of elderly patients which may result from emotional reactions to the hardships or crises of life such as psychoses, which is characterized by deranged thinking and behavior and often require hospitalization; psychoneuroses, which are chronic disorders that affect a person's ability to function and that may be accompanied by bodily symptoms and psychosomatic disorders, such as gastric or duodenal ulcer, certain skin diseases and stress."
