Abstract This paper reviews and analyzes Gestalt and behavior therapy. According to the paper, Gestalt therapy is a psychological system that stresses integration of body and mind factors by developing self-awareness and personal responsibility. The paper goes on to discuss behavior therapy, stating that there are several approaches to cognitive-behavioral therapy, including rational emotive behavior therapy, rational behavior therapy, rational living therapy, cognitive therapy and dialectic behavior therapy.
From the Paper "Therefore, the therapeutic process encourages the client to interact with the environment, as a group, as an individual, and on many different levels, with different techniques, from using battacca bats to whack furniture, to imaging and interacting with the image in their mind by conversing with it out loud. The techniques used in therapy vary as widely as the therapists and clients, from principles based on Holism, Field theory, figure formation, organismic, the concept of the Now and "unfinished business." The therapist dialogues with warmth and caring, yet remains "invisible," as the client is encouraged to interact with the field (environment). The client must think of him- or herself as an abstract area in a limitless "field," thus, therapy is "unpredictable," or follows moment to moment dictum. (Doermann, 2002)"
Abstract The paper discusses how psychologists contend that behavior is directly affected by a variety of factors in an individual existence. The paper explains that while many people believe that there can be only one psychological method that can be applied to treatment of an individual, it is evident that behavioral patterns are dependent on the person in question and that environment will play a significant role in determining a single behavioral perspective that can be applied to the individual.
From the Paper "Psychologists contend that behavior is directly affected by a variety of factors in an individual's existence. While many people believe that there can be only one psychological method that can be applied to treatment of an individual, it is evident that behavioral patterns are dependent on the person in question and that environment will play a significant role in determining a single behavioral perspective that can be applied to the individual. The six major perspectives on human behavior include the biological, sociocultural, humanistic, cognitive, psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives. These perspectives are translated into categories of theory that function to focus on human behavior, with the nature of individuals considered in each perspective. Biological perspectives have traditionally been concerned with the functions of the body and mind working in conjunction with one another to promote human behavior in a natural manner."
Abstract Marketers and business researchers are becoming increasingly aware of the way that emotional factors affect and influence consumer behavior. The paper's author contends that the term 'emotion" brings with it a great degree of ambiguity and misunderstanding that often confuses the way that this aspect is seen to relate to consumer behavior. The writer discusses some of the aspects of the interaction between emotion and consumer behavior in both a practical and theoretical sense.
Outline:
Introduction and Overview
Theoretical Perspectives
Practical Aspects
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "The theories of emotional behavior posited by Zajonc and others have very real practical implications for contemporary marketers and for the general understanding of consumer behavior. In essence, the significance of emotions or affective patterns of behavior, according to theorists like Zajonc, are that these feelings or emotional aspects of decision-making are the first and most primary component of consumer behavior. Another essential aspect is that in theory affective behavior takes place before reasoning and cognitive aspects. This has obvious repercussions in terms of understanding and determining consumer behavior patterns."
Abstract In this paper, the writer considers twelve articles focusing on consumer behavior, primarily in South Africa. The writer discusses factors that affect consumer behavior (such as, family values, peer pressure, cultural mores and economic trends).
From the Paper "There are many different factors that affect consumer behavior, family values, peer pressure, cultural mores, economic trends among others. Understanding how various factors affect consumer behavior is critical if companies are to be successful in their marketing efforts. These factors become both more complicated and more critical when international marketing is taken into account. This research considers the issues of need and motives values and attitudes and how these factors are both influenced and how they influence consumer behavior particularly with ..."
Abstract The paper discusses how, when Japanese women move to the United States and adopt an American life-style, their risk of getting breast cancer almost doubles. The paper examines the importance of this fact in the search for better ways to prevent and cure the disease. The paper further examines how these factors suggest that the breast cancer rates among these groups may be due to behavioralfactors that can be altered to lower breast cancer rates for all women, regardless of genetic make-up or exogenous factors.
Outline:
Introduction
The Study Population
Literature Review:
The Risk Factors Clues from Other Ethnic Groups
Assessing the Risk in Japanese Americans
Meta-analysis of the Studies
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "One of the major problems found among this population is that they tend ignore activities leading to early diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, their cancer is in an advanced stage long before it is diagnosed. For instance, 48% of Filipino women fail to receive pap smears at the recommended time. Nearly 25% of Filipino women and 38% of Korean women do not get colorectal cancer screening at the recommended time (Maxwell, Bastani, and Warda, 2000). No information was found for the Japanese population. Approximately 79% of Asian-born Asian American women who develop breast cancer have greater proportion of tumors larger than 1 cm at the time of diagnosis (Hedeen, White, and Taylor, 1999). This indicates an absence of breast self-examinations among this population and mammography for early detection. This was confirmed by a study conducted by (Tang, Solomon, Yeh, and Worden, 1999)."
Tags: Asian, immigrant, hormone, replacement, therapy, breastfeeding, high, fiber, diet, weight, gain, early, menopause, estrogen, levels, alcohol, use
Abstract This paper analyzes a 1999 journal article that shows that preteens and teens of addicted parents have a high rate of substance and alcohol use and other deviant behaviors.
From the Paper "In "Early Deviance and Related Risk Factors in the Children of Narcotic Addicts", Nurco, Blatchley, Hanlon and O'Grady report the results of a meta-analysis on the self-reported behaviors of male and female adolescents ages of narcotic-addicted parents participating in methadone programs. The results of the self-report measures found that early deviance is related to current adolescent drug and alcohol use, association with deviant peers, a negative view of self and psychological symptomatology. There are a number of risks and protective..."
Tags: preteens, teenagers, addicted parents, deviance, deviant behavior, alcohol and substance abuse, protective and at-risk factors, crime
Abstract This paper discusses an organizational behavior case study in the context of the different motivational theories. Among the process and content motivational theories applied to this case study are Adams' Equity Theory, Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Recommended actions cognizant with the theories cited in each situation are also given.
From the Paper "Sarah Goodman faced the following problems at work. First was the lunch meeting with the advisor for the MHA program at State Thomas University. Next was the Human Resources Department meeting to gather input on a strategy to bring the pay issue into line so as to avoid a gender discrimination charge. Cognizant with this, was the personal issue of whether she got paid as well as Dave, her counterpart in Tampa. There was also the performance appraisal she'd scheduled with her assistant Maria and her intention of trying to get her more involved with others in the department with the ultimate objective of landing her a promotion later on. She was primarily confronted with the problem of Maria's less than desirable social skills, a hindrance that not only prevents her from being more a part of the department, but also a hindrance to her promotion."
A research paper on the primary factors that affect choice of fast food
among individuals of different countries, highlighting the differentiations in health perspectives related to consumption of fast food.
Abstract This paper presents a research paper that discusses the the impact that culture has on the consumption of fast food and compares the difference in buying behavior in different countries. The paper investigates the major factors that affect customer's choice in fast food and comments on the relationship between food consumptions and health. The paper includes tables and figures.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Background of the Study
Methodology
Introduction
Research Questions
Literature Review
From the Paper "Globalization is greatly changing society and culture all around the globe in terms of consumer choices, lifestyle, individual preferences, socialization and custom and at the same time all of these factors are individualizing and changing specific aspects of marketing for fast food restaurants such as McDonald's, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and others. In short, understanding factors affecting consumer choices regarding fast food is a complex focus of research because many diverse and various factors must be taken into consideration in terms of fast food and indeed the non-foodness' of fast food must be examined. 'Non-foodness' is a term coined in the work of Kwan which is a term used to refer to other reasons that fast food is chosen for consumption among consumers internationally."
Tags: consumption, countries, non-food, related, factors, nutritional, value
Abstract The primary focus of this paper is an examination of aggression related to behavioral types in order to determine the extent to which aggression relates to behavior. Three separate aggression analysis scales are used to survey undergraduate students to determine what behavior types and other aggression patterns could be distinguished between men and women. In addition, a comprehensive literature review is presented that examined prior research conducted with regard to aggression and behavior. The paper contends that the results suggest that men are more likely to demonstrate aggression associated with behaviors related to their perceptions of self-esteem and peer pressure and other behavioral dysfunctions or discomfort. Women are more likely to be the victims of aggression, but will act out when provoked. These ideas are explored in the paper in greater detail.
From the Paper "From a behavioral standpoint aggression exhibited in males has been linked with behavioral patterns including a concern with honor and face-saving mechanisms, particularly in certain subcultures including the southern U.S. (Graham & Wells, 2001: 595). In other studies male aggression is considered a more 'normative' behavior pattern and among males generally considered more acceptable and pleasurable as an activity (Graham & Wells, 2001). The primary behavior associated with aggression in females that is suggested by studies is jealousy, though aggression in women has also been linked with previous aggression or misbehavior from another person that incites aggressive activities in the female aggressor (Graham & Wells, 2001). This behavioral trait may be linked to insecurities or peer pressure that causes females to feel the need to compete. Females are more likely to demonstrate female to female aggression rather than aggressive tendencies toward a member of the opposite sex as well (Bateman et. al, 1998)."
Abstract This paper discusses applied behavior analysis (ABA) and explains that it follows accepted theory that autism is neurologically based and affects a variety of behaviors. An attempt is made in the paper to differentiate between applied behavior analysis (ABA) and any of the myriad programs of behavioral modification which rely on it as a basis for their work. The paper also relates the seven essential elements that make up the ABA approach and provides general recommendations as to what constitutes a good program. The paper contends that parents' first priority must be to have their child evaluated with an acceptable assessment test. The paper then discusses how the goal of applied behavior analysis may be achieved when the child can be satisfactorily mainstreamed.
From the Paper "Today it is in the news for its use with children, particularly those children diagnosed with autism. But it is important to make the differentiation between ABA and any of the myriad programs of behavioral modification which rely on it as a basis for their work. ABA is not a program in itself. It is a framework for a scientific approach to the problem. It is, rather, an umbrella under which many different systems and theories can operate. It may seem to be splitting hairs, but ABA is not synonymous with any of the various programs which may claim it as their own private domain."
Abstract This paper details a study conducted to examine the effects of religion on behavior in elementary students to see if any correlation is evident. The study was conducted under the assumption that religion does, in fact, have an influence on the behaviors of young subjects. The primary hypothesis of the study is that subjects are more likely to show positive behaviors if they participate in religious activities. The results reported indicate that there is a significant statistical correlation between religious activity and positive behavior in females, but not in males.
From the Paper "The results suggested that there was a significant relationship between previous religious activity and classroom behavior. The hypothesis was that previous religious activity would lead to a better rating of behavior in the classroom setting. In the study, 85% of the subjects reported having previously had religious activities (17 subjects), whereas 15% (3 subjects) had not. Of the sample of 12 girls and 8 boys, 10 females had obtained religious instruction or participated in religious activity, as had 7 boys. Two females and 1 male had not previously received religious instruction or had not participated in religious activities. When corresponded with the instructor's evaluation of behaviors, it was concluded that the females who had received previous religious instruction or had participated in religious activities were more like to show more positive behaviors, whereas the males showed no difference in behaviors between the two groups."
Abstract This paper explains the basic assumptions underlying Ajzen's theory of planned behavior and its objectives. The paper asserts that, while the theory is a well-constructed explanation of human behavior with significant strengths, it also has weaknesses, beginning with the premise upon which it is based. Finally, the paper looks at how the theory of planned behavior can be used successfully in the nursing profession.
From the Paper "The theory of planned behavior (TPB) rests on two assumptions: that humans are rational beings and as such make use of information to guide their actions and; that individuals determine the implications of future actions before engaging in them. The objectives of TPB are not only to explain behavior but also to predict and modify it. It states that intent is the most important determinant of one's actions. Intention is comprised of an individual's attitude toward a particular situation and its corresponding environmental pressures, called subjective norms. A third antecedent to action, labeled perceived behavioral control, is one's estimation of the ease or difficulty involved in carrying out a particular task. TPB claims that positive attitudes and subjective norms along with greater perceived control increase the likelihood of one's intention to act."
Abstract This paper studies the application of behavior modification therapy. The paper begins by defining behavioral modification and its theoretical premises. Next the paper discusses the theories and practices of major theorists such as Thorndike, Watson and Skinner. The paper examines the application of behavior modification in marriage and family therapy, as well as its integration into behavior-oriented therapy.
From the Paper "Based on the theoretical premise that human behavior precedes thoughts, feelings and actions, acts in the future..."
An overview of cognitive behavior therapy, focusing on the roles of the therapist and patient and how it compares to other therapies used in psychology.
3,720 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 6 sources, 2006, $ 133.95
Abstract This paper discusses cognitive behavioral therapy and the elements of its practice. It also explores the therapist and patient roles of cognitive behavioral therapy, and how it relates to other therapies currently used in psychology. Adlerian therapy, person centered therapy, existential therapy, Gestalt therapy, reality therapy, solution oriented brief therapy, multi-modal therapy, feminist therapy, and rational emotion behavior therapy are discussed and contrasted to traditional cognitive behavioral therapy. Through these comparisons a focus on the central characteristics of these therapies is evident, providing a framework for patients and professionals to determine which therapy would be most effective for the needs of particular patients.
Abstract The following paper examines how agitation, which is broadly characterized by anxiety accompanied by restlessness, is by far the most common cause for psychiatric consultation for the aged. The writer discusses how attempts to meaningfully categorize different agitated behaviors are in their infancy. The writer discusses why it is essential to distinguish truly problematic behaviors that dictate immediate intervention from "nuisance" behaviors or symptoms, such as repetitive questioning or non-upsetting visual hallucinations, which are probably better managed through caregiver education.
From the Paper "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for the elderly aims to change the way patients behave by focusing on the actual behavior rather than basing the solution on the emotions of the individual being treated and the associative causes. These include behavioral disorders of elderly patients which may result from emotional reactions to the hardships or crises of life such as psychoses, which is characterized by deranged thinking and behavior and often require hospitalization; psychoneuroses, which are chronic disorders that affect a person's ability to function and that may be accompanied by bodily symptoms and psychosomatic disorders, such as gastric or duodenal ulcer, certain skin diseases and stress."
