Abstract
This paper addresses major themes in psychological training for police work. Law enforcement is desperately in need of a better understanding of the psychological dynamics of crisis intervention. The paper enumerates areas in which the study of psychology and behavior can augment or drastically change law enforcement officers' approach.

Tags:CRIMINAL JUSTICE, LEGAL ISSUES, CENSORSHIP, POLICY / LAWS, behavior police work

Abstract
This paper explains that the social technology of crisis intervention is recommended training for all law enforcement officers who are responsible for immediate management of a crisis situation; whereas, the social technology of hostage negotiations is recommended training for special teams where bargaining is required. The author points out that the immediate management in crisis intervention is essential to interrupt ineffective, maladaptive behavior brought about by stress and tension in an individual's life. The paper relates that both crisis intervention and hostage negotiations require a specialized training curriculum including special training for units working on terrorism and terrorist activities.

Table of Contents
Key Concerns that Differentiate Crisis Intervention and Hostage Negotiations
Tactics Differences Between Crisis Intervention and Hostage Negotiations
Training Similarities and Differences Between Crisis Intervention and Hostage Negotiations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Circumstances requiring hostage negotiations are more commonly publicized than those requiring only crisis intervention tactics. Hostage negotiations include such events as situations with a kidnapper in a known location, as opposed to an unknown location where control is not possible, hostage taking, barricade situations and suicide attempts.
The foregoing definitions differentiate crisis intervention from negotiation situations involving hostages in that crisis intervention focuses on immediate management whereas hostage negotiations "seek peaceful resolution of a dangerous situation" with time being a plus factor, in most instances, for negotiators."

Tags:fbi, first-aid, family, curriculum, bargaining, terror

Abstract
This paper examines a number of theories regarding police deviance or corruption. It explains how some believe it is inherent in the work itself, coupled with the power afforded officers, the isolating subculture of police departments, the low pay, and lack of close supervision. On the contrary, it shows how some believe it is the combination of weak character of a selected few "rotten apples" not properly screened out of the hiring process, once they are linked to opportunity and temptation.

From the Paper
"What is a slippery slope? Dr. Tom O'Connor states it is "the potential for gradual deterioration of socio-moral inhibitions and perceived sense of permissibility for deviant conduct" (O'Connor 2002). He points out that police are involved on a routine basis in undercover work which involves taking on false identities and inducing crime. Police are allowed to make false promises to hostage takers and kidnappers. Police feed disinformation to the media. Police are trained to be deceptive at interviewing and interrogation"(O'Connor 2002)."

Tags:criminal, law, enforcement

Abstract
This paper underscores that homosexual police officers face serious discrimination in the workplace because of the prevailing machismo stereotype of police officers as compares to the opposing effeminate and weak stereotype of gay men. Next, the author relates that this prejudicial environment contributes to the conflicted treatment of gay male and lesbian female officers, who are often afraid to come out or to report abuse, which only increases the stress that they face in fulfilling their job. The paper recommends that police organizations develop strategies to change this environment to make it more accepting of individuals with homosexual orientations.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Homophobic Work Environment
What Type of Harassment Do Gay and Lesbian Officers Face?
The Decision: Come Out or Endure in Silence
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Because of the male heterosexist domination of the organization's culture, female homosexuals were subject to experiences of deviancy that were different from their male homosexual peers. Some respondents contend that lesbians are not challenged about their sexual orientation as openly or clearly as male homosexuals. "The question of whether or not lesbianism is conceived of as more or less deviant than male homosexuality in the police is an interesting one and one."
"The issue of different treatment of male and female homosexuals within the police organization is an important question for researchers to study. If female homosexuals are treated differently from male homosexuals, this might signal the increased importance of masculinity as a dominant characteristic of the stereotypical police officers. If homosexual female police officers are perceived as being more masculine, or "butch", this might explain why they are tolerated by their heterosexual peers more than homosexual men, who may be perceived as being feminine, weak, and inferior to heterosexual men.
"An alternative explanation of the perception of decreased discrimination against lesbian officers is that the machismo of the police officer is socially applied only to male officers. Female officers, because of their sex, are exempt from this gendered perception and therefore the lesbian officer would also be free from such scrutiny."

Tags:lesbian bias, homophobic fears, discrimination, activist group

Abstract
This paper explains that each case study concerns a specific department, which is a "subsystem" within a larger entity, that displays "deviant organizational behavior". The author points out that an accurate analysis of feasible solutions needs to reference the harmful external forces and inadequate internal responses that characterize both cases. The paper concludes that the effect of the decentralization process was not the primary cause of the Maidstone Field Office problems but rather these problems were the result of an
institutional inertia that did not encourage effective work. The author suggests that the police officers themselves should have been empowered to find the solution to the problems, which might have included replacing the division commander with a more proactive officer who is aware of his or her leadership role.

From the Paper
"The Easy-Money section of the Maidstone Field Office, a revenue-
producing department of a governmental ministry, has been the only
section singled out and adversely affected by the organization's new
policy of decentralization. Although decision-making is still centralized in the Head Office, it is unclear whether the Territory Managers or the Production Head Managers are responsible for operations in this section. This has resulted in an internal stalemate because the Field Office Manager, Mr. Jones, and the Audit Supervisor, Mr. Smith, are unable to work together."

Tags:decentralization, equity, networking, restructure, leadership

Abstract
This paper explains that minority groups, who are most impacted by public distrust, bear the brunt of repeated police brutality. Furthermore, of all the minority communities, the author indicates that the African-American community is most affected. Not only is this group, especially men, targeted the most by police but also police harassment and brutality occur on a regular and predictable basis. The paper concludes that acknowledgment of the problem is an essential aspect in initiating the healing process that will re-build trust between the police department and the community and thus curtail police brutality.

Table of Contents:
Police Brutality--An Introduction and Perspective
Concept and Term
A Problem and Society Effect
Race of the Community as the Explanatory Variable
Concept and Term
A Problem and Society Effect
Most Impacted Behavioral Science--the Moderating Variable
Concept and Term
Works as a Buffer

From the Paper
"Society has become distrustful of police officers, due to high profile incidents that serve to disproportionately reflect the abusiveness of an undetermined amount, but not all policemen in society. The actual percentages and figures of police brutality, despite the impact of high profile cases, ultimately become secondary to public perceptions thereof, in addressing the problem. The real problem in this day and age is public mistrust."

Tags:plague mistrust, confrontational attitudes, african-american perceptions

Abstract
This paper begins by reviewing Steven A. Murphy's research about motivating and demotivating factors relating to police executive offices. Next, the author reviews the work of Robert Spillane and John Martin, who challenge the logic used in David McClelland's motivation theory. The concluding segment of this paper examines a new theory of motivation called achievement motivation by John W. Atkinson, which transcends McClelland's work.

From the Paper
"Another motivating factor found in Murphy's research was that a sizable number of police officers (rank and file) wished to be a "role model"; moreover, women rank and file officers, in particular, saw the potential of becoming a role model "a strong motivator" in their desire to advance to executive levels.
"The "demotivating influences" that were shown through the research data included "the strong belief" that the added responsibilities would possibly "impinge" on an employee's ability to meet child-care responsibilities."

Tags:police, make a difference, need-achievement, thematic apperception tests, achievement motivation

Abstract
This essay examines the benefits of community policing. It defines the concept, discusses the job's expectations and why it is in demand. Results seen from the implementation of this policing strategy are also discussed.

From the essay:

"Over the last 10 years, the majority of American police departments have installed community policing in varying degrees. It is a public safety strategy that turns a patrol officer from a simple enforcer of laws who often spends most of his or her energy responding to 911 calls, into a problem solver who works with the community to develop and implement long-term solutions to disturbances and crimes."

Tags:community, citizens, enforcement, laws, codes, behavior, revenues, neighborhood, liquor

Abstract
This essay examines the benefits of community policing. It defines the concept, discusses the job's expectations and why it is in demand. Results seen from the implementation of this policing strategy are also discussed.

From the essay:

"Over the last 10 years, the majority of American police departments have installed community policing in varying degrees. It is a public safety strategy that turns a patrol officer from a simple enforcer of laws who often spends most of his or her energy responding to 911 calls, into a problem solver who works with the community to develop and implement long-term solutions to disturbances and crimes."

Tags:community, citizens, enforcement, laws, codes, behavior, revenues, neighborhood, liquor

Abstract
The paper analyzes the concept of community policing and examines how effective the strategy of community policing has been. It studies the guidelines on which the concept of community policing is based - the concept has forced the police departments to develop a friendly relationship with the law-abiding people in the community and to cooperate with them in several security and crime prevention related issues. The paper studies the approaches through which the police personnel are trained to deal with a wide array of situations and a range of behavioral problems. Finally it examines the effectiveness of C.O.P in different societal settings and analyzes the use of some other approaches to policing in situations where the concept does not seem to work effectively.

From the Paper
"The roots of community based policing can be dated back to the era of Sir Robert Peel, who adopted the system for the London Police department and who is considered to be the father of the modern Police system. According to him, the police should consider itself as a part of the general public and the public should also held itself accountable for certain police related activities. Though the concept of community policing was introduced in that time but it didn t succeeded because of a number of reasons. The primary reason for its failure at that time was that the police department itself lost sight of the principles defined by Sir Robert Peel i.e. defining the relationship of police with the public."

Tags:neighborhood, prevention, protection, law, CompStat, Sir, Robert, Peel, Zimbardo, Broken, Window, Theory