Abstract
This paper explains that a history of aggression, hyperactivity, attention deficit and risk taking behaviors as a child is common among adults who commit acts of violence. The author points out that if the parent has a history of crime, abuse and neglect, plus poor parenting techniques, such as failing to set clear expectations for behavior, the likelihood that a child will be involved in criminal activity increases. The paper states that criminal justice officers can implement prevention programs such as providing young parents help with dealing with stress, intervention programs, community involvement through public health agencies, police athletic leagues, which will help reduce gangs, drugs and guns, and more home visitations for children thought to be at risk.

From the Paper
"School failure plays an important part and is consistent with attention deficit. It leads to low literacy and repeated behavior problems in school. In one study, 20% of the 11 year-old boys whose teachers rated them low academic achievers were convicted of violent crimes as adults, compared to less than 10% of other students that were tracked in this study. Dropping out of school, truancy and a low commitment to learning contributed as well to teenage violence and arrests for violent crimes. Adolescence is a period of great change, biologically, emotionally and socially at both home and school. Failure to cope with the stresses of early adolescence has serious short-term consequences. Some of these short-term consequences could be alienation, drug abuse, and teenage pregnancy, which seem to escalate during this period."

Tags:hyperactivity, literacy, history, violence, prevention

Abstract
This paper describes the transactional behavior model, which is a theory of personality which includes a powerful, systematic psychotherapy directed at personal growth and change. According to the paper, the model for this has been utilized by different theorists and analysts and applied in different situations. The approach was first developed by Eric Berne, who made complex interpersonal transactions understandable by postulating that there are three "ego states," each of which is considered an entire system of thought, feeling, and behavior by which we interact with one another.

From the Paper
"The transactional behavior model is a theory of personality including a powerful, systematic psychotherapy directed at personal growth and change. The model for this has been utilized by different theorists and analysts and applied in different situations. The approach was first developed by Eric Berne, who made complex interpersonal transactions understandable by postulating that there are three "ego states," each of which is considered an entire system of thought, feeling, and behavior by which we interact with one another. These states are identified as the Parent, the Adult, and the Child ego states, and the interactions among them form the foundation of..."

Tags:transactional, behavior, model

Abstract
Children learn as they grow. They learn through their education at school, they learn from the things they see on television. They learn through experience, by exploring the world around them. In addition, they learn from their parents. The paper shows that parents teach their children not only in what they say to them, but also by their actions. This process is called modeling. This paper discusses how children learn gender roles and the roles those genders play in society by watching their parents modeling the behaviour.

Tags:modeling, behavior, society

Abstract
The paper considers how organizational behavior does or does not relate to the profession of nursing. The paper evaluates three organizational behavior theories in this context and uses only one source.

From the Paper
"Organizational behavior theories are based on the behavior of individuals which when taken together, create the behavior of organizations. According to organizational behavior theory, organizations exhibit cultures in the same way that other human groups exhibit culture, for example, and understanding the ways in which individuals within organizations behave can lead to a greater understanding of how organizations are likely to behave as well. This research examines three theories associated with organizational behavior and the applicability of these theories to the nursing profession."

Tags:nursing, organizational behavior, Maslow's needs hierarchy, Maslow, cognitive model of attitudes, four drive theory

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the history and origins of abnormal behavior and psychopathology. Contemporary models of abnormal psychology are also examined.

From the Paper
"Kring, Davison, Neal and Johnson define abnormal behavior as any behavior which is not typical, and which in addition is disturbing, socially unacceptable, distressing, maladaptive and self-defeating. The authors further note that over time, 'abnormal behavior' has increasingly come to be seen as primarily due to psychopathology, which is to say that it is most often due to impairment of cognitive, emotional or social functioning. The purpose of this paper is to examine the history and origins of abnormal behavior and..."

Tags:abnormal behavior, psychopathology

Abstract
This paper presents a review of the article "Does the theory of planned behavior elements mediate the relationship between perceived constraints and intention to participate in physical activities? A study among older individuals" by A. Konstantinos, B. Vasilis, and T. Charalampos. The paper focuses on how the article effectively uses qualitative research to understand a particular aspect of human development within an empirical human development study. The paper also attempts to determine whether the article was conducted within the necessary specific criteria for qualitative research. The paper concludes that the article seems to have followed the necessary specific requirements, although certain elements remain somewhat questionable.

From the Paper
"The results of the model showed that given the facets of the TPB, participants' behavior and attitude towards exercise was significantly correlated with the actual amount of exercise undertaken. The predictive aspect of the TPB was also validated by the participants who were contacted after the initial study. Overall, this conclusion was validated by triangulating the data, since the human development experiment was to test a very well known theory - theory of planned behavior, and the authors validated this result with other known experiments and the original empirical construct. The literature review conducted was comprehensive and gave a clear picture of what this particular article was adding to the literature, however, the necessary use of different sources, methods, and investigations was rather comprehensive."

Tags:aged, exercise, behavior, psychology

Abstract
The paper states that behavior modification is simply learning. The author discusses and compares Pavlovian and Operant conditioning and Positive and Negative Reinforcement. The paper refers to various reinforcement strategies: Systematic desensitization, aversion therapy (reciprocal inhibition) and biofeedback. The author details her experiment using positive reinforcement (buying a CD) to learn new behaviors in regards to caffeine consumption. She noticed problems of physical addiction.

From the Paper
"Pavlovian conditioning is in fact a type of learning. Indeed, it is perhaps the most famously documented type of learning that there is. It is difficult indeed to imagine that there exists a college student anywhere in the Western Hemisphere who has not heard the story of how Ivan Pavlov came up with the idea of teaching his dog to associate the sound of a ringing bell with the introduction of food. (We all know the ending of this story: Pavlov was able to make his dog salivate in anticipation of being fed whenever he heard the meal-time bell and even after Pavlov no longer followed up the bell with food the dog continued to salivate for a number of repetitions of the experiment.)
This is the way in which Pavlovian learning always works: An individual (a dog, a human, a chimp and even some non-mammalian species) is given a certain stimulus to which it responds consistently."

Tags:positive, reinforcement, pavlovian, model, conditioning, operant, systematic, desensitization, aversion, biofeedback

Abstract
This paper analyzes the article, "Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: Reflections on the Evolution of a Therapeutic Orientation" by M.R. Goldfried, which presents an account of the evolution of cognitive-behavior therapy over the past 35 years, since it began with the introduction of cognition into behavior therapy in the mid-1960s. It examines how, as cognitive-behavior therapists became more experienced clinically and recognized that clients did not always engage in clearly reportable internal dialogues, the schema construct was used to understand more about clients' implicit meaning structures. The distinction between cognitive-behavior therapy and cognitive therapy is discussed, and the importance of activating emotional experiencing in the clinical change-process is underscored.

From the Paper
"Goldfried discusses many justifications for the addition of cognition in behavior therapy and even discusses situations of therapy sessions that institute them. Psychologists came to realize that patients might not have the capacity to store, encode, and retrieve information needed for participation in therapy with a clear "internal dialogue". Thus, establishing an information-processing model, called a "schema", helped therapists understand the problematic functioning of patients having difficulties such as inaccurate classification of events, selective attention, and so on. Goldfried goes on to define a schema as "a cognitive representation of individuals' past experiences with other people, situations, and themselves, which helps them construe events within that particular aspect of their life"."

Tags:schema, information, processing, model, retrival

Abstract
The paper provides a summary of the research study by Cernkovich and Giordano entitled ""Stability and Change in Antisocial Behavior: the Transition from Adolescence to Early Adulthood" and looks at the theoretical approaches the authors utilized. The paper explains the three hypotheses that were tested, the results, the study's strengths and weaknesses and finally, the contributions of the study to the field of criminal justice.

Outline:
Summary of the Research Study
Theoretical Approach the Author Utilized
The Hypotheses Being Tested
The Results of the Study
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Study
Contributions the Study Makes to the Field of Criminal Justice

From the Paper
"The study by Cernakovich and Giordano is a longitudinal research that investigated the transition stage that occurs between the period of adolescence and young adulthood based on responses coming from two sample populations--household and institutional (2001). The household respondents were 721 of 942 youth 12-19 years old from a 1982 household study living in private households in Toledo, Ohio. They were followed up in 1992 and were either personally interviewed or asked to complete and mail questionnaires. The institutional sample population was from three male juvenile institutions in Ohio and the entire population of the only female juvenile institution in that state. Two-hundred fifty-four of them were personally interviewed in 1982 and were followed up in 1992, where a total of 210 respondents were re-interviewed."

Tags:latent, trait, life-course, models, delinquents, offenders, adulthood

Abstract
This paper aims to show that, while there are limits on what parents can do, parents can play a key role in their child's future by helping the child deal with the struggle against antagonistic peer groups and a hostile culture. In an effort to demonstrate this role, it examines whether the amount of influence parents have on adolescent behavior, whether they lose this influence at some point, and whether the amount of time parents spend with their children affects their ability to be influenced by peers. It also looks at whether peers are more influential than the parents and how parents regain control of a child who has gotten out of control due to negative peer influences.

Outline
Introduction
Parental Influences and How they Affect Adolescents
The Role of a Parent
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Still, according to Harris, parents do have an effect on their children. What she questions is the claim of how much and in what ways parents influence their children. Parents do control where a child lives and how often the child moves, and that control is of major importance in influencing the child's development. This is because where a child lives and who is in his or her peer group depends on where he lives and how he fits into the available peer groups. Those can have larger effects than whether a parent smokes or forces their children to take piano lessons, attend church, or clean up their room."

Tags:children, development, role, model