Abstract This paper explains that a history of aggression, hyperactivity, attention deficit and risk taking behaviors as a child is common among adults who commit acts of violence. The author points out that if the parent has a history of crime, abuse and neglect, plus poor parenting techniques, such as failing to set clear expectations for behavior, the likelihood that a child will be involved in criminal activity increases. The paper states that criminal justice officers can implement prevention programs such as providing young parents help with dealing with stress, intervention programs, community involvement through public health agencies, police athletic leagues, which will help reduce gangs, drugs and guns, and more home visitations for children thought to be at risk.
From the Paper "School failure plays an important part and is consistent with attention deficit. It leads to low literacy and repeated behavior problems in school. In one study, 20% of the 11 year-old boys whose teachers rated them low academic achievers were convicted of violent crimes as adults, compared to less than 10% of other students that were tracked in this study. Dropping out of school, truancy and a low commitment to learning contributed as well to teenage violence and arrests for violent crimes. Adolescence is a period of great change, biologically, emotionally and socially at both home and school. Failure to cope with the stresses of early adolescence has serious short-term consequences. Some of these short-term consequences could be alienation, drug abuse, and teenage pregnancy, which seem to escalate during this period."
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two theoretical models of intervention in autism. The two models that are reviewed are behavioral and educational. The paper examines how the research suggests that behavioral interventions are amongst the most studied and most effective interventions for those suffering from autism and how behavioral interventions are beneficial because they increase communication, skills and peer interaction. The paper concludes that, overall, it appears that any type of intervention is more likely to be successful if it occurs before the age of five.
Outline:
Introduction
BehavioralModel of Intervention
Educational Approaches
Conclusion
From the Paper "Once the assessment of the individual is complete and it is determined that behavioral intervention would be beneficial to the individual, the intervention can begin. The interventions usually begin in early childhood and there are centers throughout the country that specialize in behavioral interventions. In many cases the interventions involve engaging in behaviors repetitively as a way to retrain or redirect the brain. The therapy often involves showing the autistic child how to play and perform certain skills. It also attempts to emphasize the importance of communication. This point is emphasized by focusing on improving eye contact and asking for what they need. "
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at different models and forms of therapy for families that are experiencing problems. The writer notes that natural therapy is a form of psychotherapy that does not allow for medications, but that uses techniques that are aimed at assisting the individual to overcome issues through a natural approach. The writer looks at cognitive behavioral therapy in which the problem is seen to exist through the individual's thoughts and actions. The writer then discusses structural therapy and strategic family therapy. The writer maintains that the solution focused model of family therapy identifies the outcomes that the family desires and uses those outcomes as the focus of the therapy. In the narrative model the writer notes that clients are asked to take part in a narrative history of life and in collaborative therapy the patient and the therapist work as partners in the discovery of issues and the implementation of solutions to the issues.
Outline:
Natural System Model Cognitive-BehavioralModel Structural Model Problem Focus Model Strategic Model Solution-Focused Model Narrative Model Collaborative Language System Model
From the Paper "Change for the patient requires that the thoughts and actions impacting the person's life must be identified initially. This may occur through the patient speaking with the therapist and answering questions that serve to allow the therapist to determine where the issues exist. However, the patient should be the one that identifies the problem areas through discussion so that he or she is capable of understanding that change is significant.
"Techniques used in cognitive behavioral therapy are implemented once the identification of the problem has occurred. The therapist may give the patient "homework" and a new mental or physical response to a situation. That new response is used by the patient in place of the negative response and it is through practice that a new method of thought or behavior can be experienced on an ongoing basis, replacing the former thoughts and action."
This essay discusses the issue of maladaptive behavior in the early educational setting. Specifically, it looks to identify maladaptive behaviors, apply current theories and correct these behaviors.
Abstract This paper looks into the issue of increasing violent behavior among young school age children, while asserting that there is growing evidence that early intervention by schools to correct maladaptive behavior may result in decreased violent behavior as these children grow older. Furthermore, this paper looks at the issue from the view of early childhood professionals, stating the importance of recognizing these aggressive behaviors and managing them properly. The paper discusses the differences between normal maladaptive behavior from pathological behavioral disorders as well as the theories that govern a child's development of behavior and how these are applied to the current knowledge of managing behavior. Lastly, the paper discusses methods or models that are used to correct these behaviors.
Outline:
Introduction
Normal Misbehavior and Disruptive Behavior in Preschool Children
Theories in Child Behavior Development
Management for Normative misbehavior among Preschoolers
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the two cases presented by Goodwin et al (2003), these preschoolers were seen to manifest with behavioral problems due to reasons that could and were remedied by the Childreach program. Three-year old Kelsey had been acted out aggressively because of feeling of isolation. She appeared to have problems with excessive nasal discharge secondary to allergies. Breathing through her mouth made her drool as well. She also had a problem with controlling her urinary impulses as she suffered from toilet training delays as well. Because of this, Kelsey was isolated by her peers and she was often ignored. Kelsey began to seek attention by physically hurting her peers. This kind of reaction did not make her popular but it did get people's attention. The Childreach program helped her improve her hygiene and social skills. Addressing these two issues had allowed Kelsey to have friends. In another case, Richard was referred to the Childreach program due to defiance, opposition, and aggression. It had been found that Richard's language skills was delayed by 18 months and his aggression was rooted from his frustration from not being able to follow, or appropriately respond to his environment. Therefore, his inability to communicate properly was addressed, and both parents and teachers were taught better ways to communicate with him."
Tags: maladaptive, violence, models, correction, disorders, theory
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts three different theories in behavioral science organizations and models, and the strengths and weaknesses of each model. It produces examples of the models in practice and the impact of technology on organizations.
From the Paper "Alternatives to the rational bureaucratic model of organizations have been developed in recent years. Many of these systems have moved well beyond Fordism an organizational system characterized by ..."
Abstract The paper explains the Neuman Systems Model and Johnson's theory, which rely on the identification of past, present and future stressors and behaviors. The paper points out that both theorists look at the whole person and only differ as to how the environment influences a person. The paper also relates that by Neuman and Johnson introducing behavioral and environmental stressors and patterns into the medical profession through the role of nurses, the quality of medical treatment has improved dramatically.
From the Paper "The Neuman Systems Model was created in 1970 at the University of California by Betty Neuman as a way of teaching Introductory Nursing to freshman nursing students. The model encompassed a unique approach in teaching physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, and developmental aspects of the human condition. The basic concept of the Neuman Systems Model is to study the hair color, body temperature, body system functions, cognitive ability, physical strength and values of a person. These elements of humanity are always evolving and changing in a normal life cycle. Normalcy ends when the elements become static--the energy exhumed is greater than that used by the person. The human process is a series of inputs, outputs, feedbacks and compensations that create balance in a person's nature (Heyman & Wolfe, 2000)."
Abstract The paper looks at current substance abuse treatment programs for women and their effectiveness and reveals that female substance abusers need gender-specific treatment. The paper discusses how religious belief or spirituality plays a major role in the reform of a person with substance problems. The paper refers to various models of behavior change and then examines a design for a spirituality based model.
Outline:
Treatment Programming and Health Services for Women
Substance Use Treatment Needs of Women Prisoners
BehaviorModels for Substance Abuse Treatment
From the Paper "Recent studies say that 10% of the population abuses drugs or alcohol and that 20% of patients who consult physicians have substance abuse problems, which exclude tobacco use (Mersy 2003). Substance abuse has been defined as the problematic use of alcohol, tobacco or illicit drugs. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism estimates that this number-one health problem costs society as much as $100 billion a year. It is also accountable for 100,000 deaths annually. Furthermore, those who abuse drugs and alcohol are likelier to develop medical problems than any other sector in the entire population. Women constitute a risk population for substance abuse (Mersy)."
Abstract This paper discusses the Roy adaptation model to nursing care which was created by Callista Roy. The paper discusses the theory and development of Roy's model and then discusses how her model can be applied to nursing care. The paper also discusses goal setting between the nurse and the patient and assessment of the individual or patient's outcome behaviors.
Table of Contents:
Biography
The Development and Modifications of Her Theory
Her Concept and Model The RAM Applied in Nursing Care
From the Paper "Sister Callista's evaluation is the last step of the nursing process. Its effectiveness is determined by the assessment of the individual or patient's outcome behaviors (Stein 2000). If the outcome behaviors are identical to, or consistent with the stated goals, then the nursing intervention is considered successful. But if the outcome behaviors remain maladaptive, further evaluation of the intervention to draw up a more appropriate one is needed. When adaptive behaviors are introduced or re-established, the nursing process must be repeated in order to track down any new or omitted but ongoing problems. This is why, according to Sister Callista, the nursing process maintains a typically skeptic pos (Stein)."
Abstract The author states that behavioral and scientific abnormal psychology models do not apply in our modern, multicultural society. The paper reviews, in detail, throughout history, the definitions and theoretical interpretations of abnormal behavior. The author believes that sociocultural psychology, which takes into account an individual's society, family, and culture, offers a more comprehensive view of abnormal psychology. She states that the relative lack of ethnographic data on specifically defined cultural groups is a problem especially when working within immigrant communities.
From the Paper "The ancient Greeks were revolutionary in this regard. In the fourth century B.C.E., Hippocrates believed that some kind of physical malady was responsible for mental disorders. In fact, the "father of modern medicine" may be the first person to attribute mental illness to biological causes. Even with his primitive understanding of the human body and attribution of mental illness to the ?humors,? Hippocrates recognized the importance of diet, stress, and heredity on mental illness. Hippocrates even described disorders we catalog in the DSM today: depression, paranoia, Alzheimer?s, and alcoholism. Steering away from superstitious, supernatural explanations of abnormal behavior was an immense step forward in the treatment of those who suffered with mental illness."
This paper discusses psychological theories for methods of changing behavior and then chronicles the author's attempt to change her own behavior by using a process of positive reinforcement and adhering to a Pavlovian model of conditioning.
Abstract The paper states that behavior modification is simply learning. The author discusses and compares Pavlovian and Operant conditioning and Positive and Negative Reinforcement. The paper refers to various reinforcement strategies: Systematic desensitization, aversion therapy (reciprocal inhibition) and biofeedback. The author details her experiment using positive reinforcement (buying a CD) to learn new behaviors in regards to caffeine consumption. She noticed problems of physical addiction.
From the Paper "Pavlovian conditioning is in fact a type of learning. Indeed, it is perhaps the most famously documented type of learning that there is. It is difficult indeed to imagine that there exists a college student anywhere in the Western Hemisphere who has not heard the story of how Ivan Pavlov came up with the idea of teaching his dog to associate the sound of a ringing bell with the introduction of food. (We all know the ending of this story: Pavlov was able to make his dog salivate in anticipation of being fed whenever he heard the meal-time bell ? and even after Pavlov no longer followed up the bell with food the dog continued to salivate for a number of repetitions of the experiment.)
This is the way in which Pavlovian learning always works: An individual (a dog, a human, a chimp ? and even some non-mammalian species) is given a certain stimulus to which it responds consistently."
This paper discusses the theories of Lev Vygotsky, Albert Bandura and B.F. Skinner to evaluate the potential link between learning disabilities and juvenile delinquency.
Abstract This paper explains that children with learning disabilities can easily become alienated from their families, schools and legal authorities. Alienated disabled children are more likely to associate with other alienated children, encouraging each other to commit acts of hostility and delinquency. The author points out that the social learning theory, which states that aggression is not inherited but rather learned through a process called behaviormodeling, is the behavior theory most relevant to criminology. The paper concludes that there is no conclusive relationship between learning disabilities and delinquency; however, more research is needed to show that early signs of violence in children can be linked to their environment and a violence-prone history of hyperactive behavior.
Table of Contents
Learning Disability and Juvenile Delinquency
Specific Disabilities
Identifiable Traits
Vygotsky's Social Interaction
Zone of Proximal Development
Self-Regulation
Bandura's Observational Learning
B. F. Skinner's Approach To Learning
The Black Box Metaphor
Reinforcement and Repetition
Conclusion
From the Paper "Finally, using Skinner's Methods, a student needs opportunities available from his parents and teachers that will give him something to do, something to learn and feel the self-confidence, as he interact with various peers. The student in a conducive environment, receiving encouragement and attention, will take on this learning responsibility and find areas of interest that will mold him for life (Skinner 1969). Students with learning disabilities have more difficulty than others in grasping concepts and communicating information in class. To be effective and ensure learning is taking place, teachers should modify their instruction to meet the various learning styles and abilities of each student with learning disabilities."
Tags:behavior-modification, interaction, learned, behavior-modeling, research
Abstract Children learn as they grow. They learn through their education at school, they learn from the things they see on television. They learn through experience, by exploring the world around them. In addition, they learn from their parents. The paper shows that parents teach their children not only in what they say to them, but also by their actions. This process is called modeling. This paper discusses how children learn gender roles and the roles those genders play in society by watching their parents modeling the behaviour.
This paper focuses on the research article by M. Jennex and L. Olfman, "A Knowledge Management Success Model: An Extension of DeLone and McLean's IS Success Model".
Abstract This well organized paper reviews a research article by Jennex and Olfman entitled "A Knowledge Management Success Model: An Extension of DeLone and McLean's IS Success Model." First, the paper defines knowledge management and it's role in the corporate world. The paper also describes existing systems that have been used. The author concludes that overall, the research article presented a comprehensive examination of a viable model for testing knowledge management systems (KMS). With future research, based on this study, the KMS success model could be shown to be one of the most effective measurements of KMS systems today.
From the Paper "Knowledge management, according to Jennex and Olfman, can be thought of as the process by which members of an organization pass knowledge to one another (2003). This "knowledge" is tacit and explicit, which, according to Polanyi (1967) and Nonaka (1994), is understood to mean the cognitive and technical knowledge an individual possesses and understands, and the technical components of that knowledge that can be expressed through knowledge representation. These cognitive components are those mental models used by the individual that cannot necessarily be expressed in terms of data, while the technical components can be expressed (Jennex and Olfman, 2003). So, when discussing knowledge management, one can think of the process as the way in which individuals within a group pass concrete and non-concrete information amongst themselves."
Abstract This paper analyzes the article, "Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: Reflections on the Evolution of a Therapeutic Orientation" by M.R. Goldfried, which presents an account of the evolution of cognitive-behavior therapy over the past 35 years, since it began with the introduction of cognition into behavior therapy in the mid-1960s. It examines how, as cognitive-behavior therapists became more experienced clinically and recognized that clients did not always engage in clearly reportable internal dialogues, the schema construct was used to understand more about clients? implicit meaning structures. The distinction between cognitive-behavior therapy and cognitive therapy is discussed, and the importance of activating emotional experiencing in the clinical change-process is underscored.
From the Paper "Goldfried discusses many justifications for the addition of cognition in behavior therapy and even discusses situations of therapy sessions that institute them. Psychologists came to realize that patients might not have the capacity to store, encode, and retrieve information needed for participation in therapy with a clear "internal dialogue". Thus, establishing an information-processing model, called a "schema", helped therapists understand the problematic functioning of patients having difficulties such as inaccurate classification of events, selective attention, and so on. Goldfried goes on to define a schema as "a cognitive representation of individuals" past experiences with other people, situations, and themselves, which helps them construe events within that particular aspect of their life?."
Abstract This paper defines and explains the field of behavioral economics and highlights the major differences between behavioral economics and neo-classical economic theory. The paper goes on to demonstrate the value that behavioral economics has to offer to all aspects of the field of economics and how it can benefit the economic decision making process.
From the Paper "In their article on Behavioral Economics, Sendhil Mullainathan and Richard Thaler explain the importance and relevance of this emerging sub-field within the field of economics. The authors begin their discourse on behavioral economics by first placing in context the focus of the sub-field and the essential differences with the main branch of economics. Behavioral Economics combines the field of psychology and economics in order to investigate ??what happens to markets in which some of the agents display human limitations and complications.? (Mullainathan & Thaler) In other words, behavioral economics focuses on understanding socio-psychological behavioral aspects of economic agents."
