Abstract
This paper examines how Tibesar, basing his work on primary sources wherever possible, asserts that although the Franciscan Order was by no means the primary religious order in colonial Peru, the Franciscans successfully integrated the Indians into Spanish culture. The paper describes the contents of the book as well as the type of sources used.

From the Paper
"The author constantly admits that there is a dearth of documentary materials written by religious persons of the sixteenth century. Rather, most documents were written by military personnel or conquistadors. Rather than become discouraged by this lack of source material, Tibesar works closely with the materials provided to him by the Franciscan Order in modern Peru. The focus for the book is specifically on the Franciscan Order, but by necessity Tibesar places the Order in social, political, and historical context in order to provide an accurate account of its role in sixteenth century Peru. Tibesar notes that the Franciscan Order contended with frequent clashes of interest with Spanish authorities, both religious and secular, in their attempts to convert the Indians. For the Franciscan, Christian spirituality and way of life were far more important than establishing organized bodies of governance in New Spain. Therefore, the friars basically remained true to their ideals of Christianity."

Tags:new, spain, conversion, mission

Abstract
This paper presents a brief look at the beginnings and evolution of the Nazi concentration camps. The writer looks at the original purpose of these camps and at their evolution into death camps. The writer also argues that the Jewish people were not the only victims and the prisoners were not just Jews. The writer points out that righteous people, trying to stand up for the rights of their fellow man and people of many different ethnicities and religions were all victims of the Nazi campaign. The writer concludes that World War II and the Jewish Holocaust changed humanity.

From the Paper
"World War II and the Jewish Holocaust is remembered as the darkest moment of humanity in recent history. It is generally believed that the Nazi party, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, was on a quest to rid the world of Jewish people. The pictures of starving men and women in German concentration camps are probably remembered most. Most people believe that those men and women are the poor Jews hated by all Germans. However, the persecution included people of many faiths and ethnicities. The truth of the matter is that the camps were not originally planned to be extermination plants, and actually for the first few years only a small percentage of prisoners were Jewish."

Tags:Hitler, Jews, concentration, camps, Himmler

Abstract
This paper explores the beginnings of modern science and psychology from Descarte to Fechner and Wundt. The scientific method is demonstrated to move from scientist to scientist in the structure of psychology.

Abstract
This paper tells the story of how soccer grew from very primitive beginnings to being played in front of thousands of fans at a time. It reports the very first recordings of actual games being played and how soccer was almost doomed to extinction. The paper then explains in depth how soccer migrated to the United States and how it grew so rapidly since then. It concludes with predictions on the future of soccer.

From the Paper
"So many ancient cultures played a sport with skills and layout similar to modern day soccer that nobody can agree on exactly by whom or when soccer was created, but it has been traced back to cultures as far as 3000 years ago (Eskenanzi126). One of the earliest forms was from Japan c. 1004 B.C. where a ball was kicked on a rectangular field (Fulton Internet). The Munich Ethnological Museum found text from China around 50 B.C. that mentions a lot of games similar to the modern day game of soccer, and games that were played between China and Japan (Fulton Internet). We know the Chinese kicked a leather ball around, and it is certain that there was a game played in the ancient Japanese capital Kyoto."

Tags:american, ancient, football, futbol, MLS, soccerball, World, Cup, Championship, NASL, Pele

Abstract
The paper briefly defines the concept of socialism and outlines it early stirrings in the eighteenth century right up to the middle of the nineteenth century. In so doing, the paper notes how socialism was not a steady escalation of rhetoric that ultimately culminated in Marx's Manifesto but, rather, an idea about socio-economic organization that first emerged in its modern form in the fiery writings and outbursts of Francois Noel Babeuf, went through a period of fairly intellectualized and rational discussion during the first few decades of the nineteenth century and only at the mid-point of the century, right around the time when Europe was experiencing significant social upheaval, did it become once more stridently radicalized - to the point that what we now know as contemporary communism muscled its way to the forefront. The paper shows how the story of socialism is also a story of ebbs and flows, with intellectual currents changing as the broader currents of history changed.

Tags:babeuf, marx, utopian

Abstract
This paper is a review of the second volume in the "Record of the Grand Historian", the earliest histories of China as recorded by Sima Quin. The focus of the paper is on the foreign policies that surface in the story of Zhang Qian, a separate story of explorers and the early formation of the Silk Road.

Abstract
This paper presents a brief overview of different theories of the origins of life on earth. The paper explains the naturalistic approach, the chemical evolution theory, and the comet theory. The paper also examines some of the weaknesses in these theories and concludes with the author's opinion that the comet theory is the most plausible theory for explaining the origins of life on earth.

From the Paper
"Questions related to the origins of life on Earth have always been a cause for scientific investigation and suppositions. If we refer to the naturalistic approach, than the evolutionary process is a justified explanation of changes and transformations that have occurred. This is a theory that we can successfully apply to the appearance of life on Earth and to the chemical processes that have made it possible."

Tags:highly, complex, molecules, primordial, atmosphere, ammonia, nitrogen, carbon, dioxide, methane, hydrogen, water

Abstract
James Wright comments on life in an American steel town with his poem "Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio." Using free verse, Wright is nonetheless able to imbue the poem with flowing cadence. The paper shows how the poet offers his readers a glimpse into a small segment of Americana, while at the same time delivering universal human truths. The paper shows how "Autumn Begins" is an observation of the crowd and activity at a high school football game. In the first stanza, the narrator muses about the various minority groups in Martins Ferry. The second stanza is devoted to the state of affairs of American family life and the state of mind of the wives at home. Finally, the third stanza depicts the young athletes, who play an aggressive sport that mimics their father's hard work. The paper shows that "Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio" combines modern poetic devices and a somber tone to convey life in Middle America.

From the Paper
"While the free verse style of the poem does not provide the reader with metric structure, it does correspond to the content of the poem. The narrator, who remains unidentified throughout the poem, speaks in a reflective tone. He or she wishes to remain an observer and does not reveal anything about him or herself. The focus of the poem is on the people and situations described by the narrator. While any judgments made about life in Martins Ferry, Ohio are subtle, the tone of the poem becomes dark and almost foreboding. Diction is the key to conveying such a tone; the poet chooses such words as "starved," "dying," "suicidally," and "terribly." Even at the beginning of the poem, images of gray-faced "Negroes in the blast furnace," and "ruptured night watchmen" build an atmosphere of depression. While the narrator watches an innocent high school football match, he or she notices that the people in this town do not live lives of joy."

Tags:narrator, Immigrants, American, Dream

Abstract
This paper examines the question of when human life begins. The author argues that life does not begin at conception, but rather during the third trimester of pregnancy. Current research is used to reinforce these beliefs. The author further contends that since fetuses cannot feel, react, nor function outside of the womb, they are not autonomous humans, capable of body function, some form of thought, and communication. It is these functions, it is argued, which truly define a human life.

From the Paper
"According to Mary Ann Warren, there are two senses of being human. First, there is a genetic human, or one that holds the genetic makeup of a human. Secondly, there is a human that is a person, and thus has rights by morality. Warren believes that being a genetic human is not equal to being a person, and that those with only a sense of genetic humanity cannot be said to have "life". To be a person, Warren argues, a genetic person must be conscious of objects, events, or internal conditions, particularly in terms of pain sensation, must be able to develop reason, must be able to achieve self-motivated behaviors, independent of genetic or external control, must be able to communicate in some way, and must be self-aware (Warren, 223). Warren's point, then, is that life begins at the point where the genetic human becomes a person that is capable of feelings, thinking, reasoning, and communicating. Thus, life begins far after conception."

Tags:conception, abortion, third, trimester

Abstract
This paper examines Naguib Mahfouz's book "The Beginning and the End" and focuses on how the author has an art of making his characters seem realistic in any setting and location. Even though the story was set in Egypt, the writer claims that the book deals with situations which are applicable to most people.

From the Paper
"In his novel The Beginning and the End, Naguib Mahfouz presents to us a world in which each character is startlingly familiar, even though the world that his characters inhabit is very different indeed from the reality that most of us live in. But we have all met these people before, all been saddened by women who find their self worth from sexual encounters with men; the person "here the youngest son" whose ambition blinds them to anything, even the harm that he (in this case) is doing to others; the person (here the middle son) who takes the reverse and yet in many ways equally psychologically dangerous course of always putting others (especially family) first so that there is nothing left of himself; and finally the lazy but ruthless person (in this novel represented by the oldest son of the family) who is only interested in money and will sacrifice everything to increase his fortune."

Tags:Islam, nationality, characters, Nefisa, Egyptian