Abstract
Mesopotamia is a region between the Tigris and Euphrates which rose significantly in terms of urbanization in the Old World. Archaeologists, anthropologists, sociologists and Near Eastern historians have shown us how ceremonial, commercial, and redistributive concepts developed in this region. This paper discusses archaeological perspectives on the beginning of civilization.

From the Paper
"For example, arguments from Paul Wheatley asserted that the ceremonial centers drew people to listen to the religious texts within temples, which primarily began urban generation. Fustel de Coulanges revived the same idea that Wheatley comprised. In essence, ceremonial centers were definitely established before obtaining economical roles, which took centuries later. Religion provided the authority to bring forth agricultural goods or other resources (Wieroop 24)."

Tags:uruk, ubaid, mesopotamia

Abstract
This paper discusses the story of an African fable, "The Beginning of Wisdom". It suggests that the story appears to have a hierarchical structure in a series of events; all of the needs of humankind were already present within the Maker. Priorities are made in the fable, and the Maker appears to have a part in how they unfold.

From the Paper
"Literary Studies: Analyzing and Comprehending an African Fable: "The Beginning of Wisdom" Introduction: The story written in this chapter reveals that the tale may have been created in a primitive age, when man was beginning to learn how to shelter himself from the weather. One of the reasons why oral "entertainment tradition" was important is that native tribes did not yet have the ability to write down their stories. This explains why fables, such "The Beginning of Wisdom" does not associate any particular author or creator to this mythical tale. Furthermore, the `myth' in this tale is representative of a collective consciousness of a particular tribe of culture, which cannot be pigeonholed into a single authorship. Essay 1: The most probable implied meaning in this story may have little to do with actually learning how to build a house, but is far more related to the objective of `wisdom' in the fable. "

Tags:african, myth, oral

Abstract
This paper examines Naguib Mahfouz's book "The Beginning and the End" and focuses on how the author has an art of making his characters seem realistic in any setting and location. Even though the story was set in Egypt, the writer claims that the book deals with situations which are applicable to most people.

From the Paper
"In his novel The Beginning and the End, Naguib Mahfouz presents to us a world in which each character is startlingly familiar, even though the world that his characters inhabit is very different indeed from the reality that most of us live in. But we have all met these people before, all been saddened by women who find their self worth from sexual encounters with men; the person "here the youngest son" whose ambition blinds them to anything, even the harm that he (in this case) is doing to others; the person (here the middle son) who takes the reverse and yet in many ways equally psychologically dangerous course of always putting others (especially family) first so that there is nothing left of himself; and finally the lazy but ruthless person (in this novel represented by the oldest son of the family) who is only interested in money and will sacrifice everything to increase his fortune."

Tags:Islam, nationality, characters, Nefisa, Egyptian

Abstract
This paper analyzes the factors that contributed to the beginning of the Cold War, which dominated much of the second half of the twentieth century. The paper concludes that, despite all the varied political and historical reasons, the central cause for the start of the Cold War can be seen as a fight for world power and political control in both an ideological and economic sense.

From the Paper
"There are many other important aspects that mark the beginning of the Cold War Era. One was the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO in 1949. NATO as a joint military group was created to "... defend against Soviet forces in Europe ". ( Cold War) The first members of NATO were Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the United States. ( Cold War) A similar organization was formed by the Soviet Union and its east European allies known as the Warsaw Pact. This also serves to emphasize the entrenchment of the Cold War into an organizational and institutional ethos."

Tags:USSR, America, ethos

Abstract
This paper compares Mark Twain's "Letters From the Earth," a critique of Christianity set as a revisionist creation myth, with other critical works on Genesis, or which address hypocrisies in Christian beliefs supported by the text of Genesis. The works to which Twain's satire is compared are: Harold Bloom's "Book of J", Thomas Paine's "The Age of Reason", Elaine Pagels' "Adam, Eve and the Serpent", Isaac Asimov's "In the Beginning" and David Leeming's "Dictionary of Creation Myths".

Abstract
The paper addresses the anxiety and inexperience facing new counselors as well as silence during a counseling session. The paper discusses self-disclosure and the need for counselors to be genuine but not too transparent, and the importance of physical and emotional boundary setting. The paper also touches upon transference and countertransference, counselors recognizing their personal limitations, the need to keep confidentiality, the giving of advice and the situation when a client is non-committed. The paper asserts that by being able to recognize the hurdles and having a plan and support system in place, the new counselor will better his chances of succeeding in his new profession.

From the Paper
"Once a student has finished studying how to be an effective counselor, the real challenge begins. There can be great challenges to face once the beginning counselor starts meeting people one on one, and it is important to know that most counselors go through an induction period that can be uncomfortable and even unsettling. These feelings are normal and will become less noticeable as time goes by and the counselor gets more comfortable.
""Because counseling is an intimate form of learning, it demands a practitioner who is willing to shed stereotypes and be an authentic person in the therapeutic relationship." (Corey, pg. 17). Beginning counselors typically enter their new career with mixed feelings about their qualifications and ability to engage in effective counseling relationships. The anxiety a new counselor can feel can sometimes prohibit them from having a comfortable relationship with their client. "The various challenges counselors face in the beginning stages of their career often pertain not only to the counselor's profession but also to his or her own personal attributes." (Issues beginning counselors face, 2009)."

Tags:anxiety, inexperience, self-disclosure, transparency, confidentiality, advice

Abstract
This paper examines how the radical events in Ray Bradbury's "Fahrenheit 451" intertwine with death and rebirth, leading to the development of his themes and characters. It discusses how it takes a woman who burns herself alive with her books in order for the character of Montag to begin to question his and the government's methods and how the smell of kerosene symbolically represents the metamorphosis of Montag's simplistic and stable mind to the birth of confusion and worry. The paper also looks at how Clarisse's death signifies the rebirth of vigor in Montag.

From the Paper
"Ironically, Clarisse's death signifies the rebirth of vigor in Montag. He becomes angered at her death because he believes an innocent girl to have unjustly died indirectly by the crushing hands of the government. She teaches him much about a previous world in which people thought for themselves; thus, he becomes aware of the government's suppression of individuality and knowledge. Clarisse re-ignites the rusty, forgotten engine in Montag's stagnant mind simply by recounting the dew in the mornings and the man in the moon at night. She still ponders the simple entities in life while others have completely forgotten them. Though a child forgets the taste of apple pie, only one whiff of the warm, succulent scent brings back a most vivid memory. Clarisse's "all certainty and knowing what [she] had to tell of the night" brings Montag "also toward a new sun" (Bradbury 10). Clarisse, like a clock, shares her knowledge of the time of day, especially night, which symbolically represents the shadow of ignorance creeping through the city. "

Tags:Montag, books, Clarisse

Abstract
This paper is a general sketch about how modernism developed after World War I, with strong influence by 19th Century realism and naturalism. There is a description of firstly, the development of realism, and secondly, the development of naturalism, which leads to the beginnings of modernism and its purpose.

From the Paper
"After World War I, American people and the authors among them were left disillusioned by the effects that war had on their society. America needed a literature that would explain what had happened previously and what was happening to their society. American writers turned to what is now known as modernism. The influence of 19th Century realism and naturalism and their truthful representation of American life and people was evident in post World War I modernism. "

Tags:change, modernism, naturalism, realism, WW1, WWl

Abstract
This is an 9-page paper that states that the Honda Company started making a tiny clip on engine to propel bicycles in austere. Late 1940s Japan, to domination of the world's motorcycle industry in the 1960s. 9 pgs. Bibliography lists 7 sources.

Tags:BUSINESS / CASE STUDIES, honda beginning end

From the Paper
"Throughout time, man has looked to the skies and wondered what was beyond the clouds. For the most part, primitive man solved the quandary of universal creation through myths, legends and stories. The Egyptians provided the earliest and primitive conjectures of the universe. In early Greece, Ptolemy made observations and transcribed the positions of stars, eventually documenting his findings in his book, Almagest. During the Renaissance and Enlightenment, scientists and astronomers began to study the solar system and universe. Beginning with Earth's solar system and slowly expanding to the milky way galaxy, mankind's understanding of the universe slowly expanded and advanced. Galileo's invention of the telescope was the monumentous innovation of the 17th century. It allowed for the examination and probing of the universe without traveling throughout it. Modern discoveries in science and astronomy conflicted with religion in dealing with the creation of the universe. As time passed, the comprehension of the universe evolved. "

Tags:astronomy, bang, big, brahe, einstein, galileo, hubble, light, newton, solar, system, telescopes