Abstract
This paper examines the writings of Khaldun, specifically why he considers Bedouin civilization more pure, although more harsh and animalistic than urban, sedentary life. Despite its harshness, this paper also examines why Ibn Khaldun considers the Bedouin lifestyle more essentially "Islamic" than sedentary, urban Islamic lifestyle

From the Paper
"Like a modern historian as well, Khaldun also states quite blatantly what will be the main thesis of his text. However, unlike many modern historians he is also quite explicit in the moral project of his text. Khaldun states that in his view, what is closest to the primary structure of human needs takes precedence over the luxuries generated by more "developed" or "sedentary" civilizations. He states that there is a basic dichotomy that exists between people of the nomadic way of life and people of the sedentary way of life. This dichotomy is evidenced by the fact that nomadic people by virtue of their lifestyle can fulfill only their primary needs. Sedentary people, in contrast, can generate luxuries and enjoy leisure time because their way of life has developed and more elaborate societal structure that can cater to basic needs."

Tags:islamic, islam, nomad, civilization, history, historian, bedouin

Abstract
This paper discusses issues pertinent to the Bedouin woman at a time of change with regard to her status, her abilities and skills as a healer in the Bedouin traditional society. The paper describes in detail research examining the following main questions: Are Bedouin women still engaged in traditional healing or do they prefer the modern medicine? What is the Bedouin's attitude to traditional medicine today in a period of a meaningful interaction with the Western culture? In response to this, the writer provides us with an understanding that the older Bedouin population favor their traditional methods, whereas the younger Bedouin favor the modern methods and find it easier to integrate with Western culture.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Literature Review
The Bedouin in Israel
Belief and Views among the Bedouin
The Bedouins' Health in the Desert
Climate and Living
Health Conditions
Illness and Cures among the Bedouin
The Bedouin Healers
The Dervish
The Fugara (Bedouin Shaman)
The Traditional Doctor
Ways of Healing
Preventive Medicine
Curative Medicine
Burning as a Cure
Bleeding as a Cure
Herbs as a Cure
Mental Diseases
Holistic Health and the Bedouin
From Tradition to Modernization
Traditional Medicine vs. Modern Medicine
The Bedouin Women of the Negev
The Bedouin Women's Attitude toward Traditional Medicine
The Research
Findings
Discussion
Summary
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The Bedouin society has been experiencing a process of change for the last several decades, regarding issues like dwelling, occupation, women's status, modernization - changes that refer to the traditional point of view among the Bedouins. During the last few years there has been a great change in the attitude toward Bedouin's medicine and its use as a result of interaction with the Western world. The awareness of the Bedouins to modern medicine brought many of them, especially the young ones, to realize the limits of traditional medicine. In order to follow this new situation one must begin with the Bedouin tradition in different themes (Ben-David, 1999)."

Tags:arab, belief, cure, east, islam, israel, minority, western, medicine

From the Paper
"The development of the oil resource in the Middle East has irretrievably altered the life of the Bedouin tribes in that region. Although they continue to exist, in many instances they have been pressured by the government to alter their long history of wandering in order to settle down in towns and villages. They have been affected by development in many different areas of life. The intent in the following pages is to explore the world of the Bedouin during earlier times by looking at the Rwala and Mutair tribes and comparing their ways to each other."

Abstract
The first part of the paper is an overview of the role of women in Bedouin society. The next part examines how the same gendered divisions can be discerned in societies as diverse as the Yanomamo Indians of northern Brazil and the Berbers of Morocco. In the third part, the paper looks at how the effects of economic development and the forces of modernity reach even into the nomadic tribes of the desert and the rainforests. It examines how these changes have affected the communal relations among the groups and if modernity had effects on their existing gender ideals, and how these ethnic groups have responded.

From the Paper
"Unlike Western society, the Bedouins do not place a great emphasis on the individual. In fact, blood ties serve to link people to the past and "bind them in the present" (41). Members of the Bedouins could trace their lineage back to genealogy, and these blood ties form an important part of their identity. In traditional Bedouin society, outsiders perceive thus people of the same kin interchangeably, and the way one kin member acts or is treated reflects on the entire group.
The foundation of honor in Bedouin society is based on the concept of asl. It is interesting to note that asl is closely linked with a person's genealogy as well. As with the ancient Chinese, who regarded non-Chinese visitors as "barbarians," the Bedouins of the Awlad Ali thus use asl to delineate between people who are of Bedouin and non-Bedouin descent."

Tags:awlad, ali, asl, nomadic, tribe, Yanomamo, Indians, Berbers, Morocco, Brazil

Abstract
The paper discusses how Abdelrahman Munif's "Cities of Salt" draws several parallels of class struggle to Frantz Fanon's "The Wretched of the Earth" and among them is the role of the disenfranchised population, the Bedouins, in "Cities of Salt". The paper asserts that the nomadic herdsman are striking examples of the lumpenproletariat described by Fanon in "The Wretched of the Earth" as the only ones who can successfully rebel against colonialism.

From the Paper
"Abdelrahman Munif's "Cities of Salt" draws several parallels of class struggle to Frantz Fanon's "The Wretched of the Earth". Among them is the role of the disenfranchised population, the Bedouins, in "Cities of Salt". These nomadic herdsman are striking examples of the lumpenproletariat described by Fanon in "The Wretched of the Earth" as the only ones who can successfully rebel against colonialism. In "Cities of Salt", we are introduced to the desert oasis of Wadi al-Uyoun."

Tags:lumpenproletariat, comparison, bedouin

Abstract
The paper demonstrates how the traditional foods in Saudi Arabia depict the culture of the Saudi Arabian people. The paper focuses on three major influences on Saudi Arabia cooking: the ancient Arabian dominance of the spice paths, the nomadic Bedouin traits, and the food restrictions as given in the Quran. The paper describes the culture of hospitality and the range of popular dishes commonly served by the people.

From the Paper
"The very old Arabian culture of hospitality that developed has really not changed much until the present time. In Saudi Arabia how well somebody treats his/her guests is a direct confirmation of the kind of person she or he is. It is a common practice to give an allowance for an extra portion while doing the cooking of a meal. This is usually in order to ready in case of an unexpected visitor. When a meal is over, there ought to be always a good portion of meal left over otherwise it may be taken to mean that the guests had not been fully satisfied with the cooking style. I wish to add here that this is identical to some African cultures which also considers food as uniting factor. To a Saudi Arabian native, entertaining is quite joyous and is considered an opportunity and honor if guests are persuaded to remain for yet another meal time. The guests are expected respond with gifts as a sign of appreciation for the host (Safer Kahtani and Dean Schreiner 6).
"According to the Qu'uran, pork is considered as an impure and that animal blood is quite polluting. Equally alcohol is strictly forbidden by the book. This is the reasons why bars are quite rare in Saudi Arabia. Actually alcohol is forbidden and as result there exists severe penalties for breaking that law. It should be noted that, for those wishing to tour Saudi Arabia, this law applies to all nationals irrespective of religion. The Arabic fruit drinks and coffee are the popular alternatives."

Tags:alcohol, Quran, Bedouins, spices, coffee

Abstract
The paper examines Ghosh's "In an Antique Land" and Abu-Lughod's "Veiled Sentiments" and shows how both authors involve themselves personally in their works. The paper then illustrates how although both authors spend time on similar subjects such as religious practices and common every day living in society, their choice of focus is entirely different. The paper relates that Ghosh's focus is not only on his journey, the people and the culture but in how he is changed from his experience, while Abu-Lughod's work is not a personal exploration but is a study done to uncover some fundamental truth about the Bedouin society.

From the Paper
"Ghosh presents his research very much in the same style as a novel. His delightful play of words and metaphors as well as similes keep the reader entertained as well as spell-bound to find out the next occurrence of the people with whom Ghosh surrounds himself. Ghosh's inclusion of himself into his story and research is exceptionally well done both in its translation of human social skills but also in the allowance to his audience in relating the first hand experience his journey has been.
"In Ghosh's narrative is the element of Diaspora, language and the land as seen through the eyes of foreigner. As such, the land is reevaluated through its people; through the people that Ghosh meets upon his journey. Ghosh gives definition to the land, through the culture of the people. He writes that it is through the people that a history can be fathomed; through their daily routine and interchange with each other there exists the past of the nation, the nation's identity as expressed through conversation, nuances, and facial expression all found with the people; in Lataifa's case the expression of past and culture is found with Ghosh's landlord Abu-'Ali."

Tags:Lafaita, culture, Bedouins, anthropology, society

Abstract
The paper shows that the central research question addressed by Lila Abu-Lughod in her book "Veiled Sentiments" is how women and young men may express certain personal feelings that otherwise violate their moral code, the code conveyed to them by their social group. The paper discusses how the Bedouin society she studies is one where people often sang or used short poems to express their feelings and how the author notes that the question that arises concerns the relationship between the Bedouin poetic discourse and the discourse of ordinary social life.

From the Paper
"The world depicted by Abu-Lughod is a society based on blood ties above all, both linking people to the past and to one another in the present. In approaching this society, Abu-Lughod first had to divest herself of certain romantic notions of Bedouin life. She believed that the people were tied to the sea, but she found that the sea played little or no part in their social life and that it was the desert which was central in their thinking. She was also surprised to find that the people lived in houses instead of tents, though they did pitch their tents next to the houses and spent most of their time in the tents."

Tags:modesty, blood, ties, ethnographer

Abstract
This paper describes the Battle of Kadesh, which took place in the middle of the second century B.C., in which two nations fought for control over a land route that led from Asia and Egypt to the continent of Europe, involving the Hittites, the Egyptian forces of Ramses II, and the rogue tribe of Amarru, which was in the process of defecting from the Hittites to the protection of the Egyptians. The author points out that the failure of Ramses's campaign was a result of his tactical errors; he did not send enough scouts to explore the countryside and gain accurate information as to the position and strength of his enemy. The paper relates that the modern writer's evaluation of this battle is based mostly on the Egyptian record keepers, who were a much more formal social order than those of the Bedouin, wandering Hittite tribes; therefore, much of this information comes from the Egyptian poets, archaeological digs, and other relics recovered from this period.

From the Paper
"The political setting leading up to the war can be described thus. The Hittites and the Egyptians were the most significantly powerful tribes of this time. Egypt controlled the land south of the Mediterranean, leading into Canaan, and up the isthmus which lead into Europe. The Hittites resided at the north end of the isthmus in the areas know known as Turkey and Syria. Their interests lied in maintaining control over this important trade route while Egypt's between Egypt and the north along the eastern Mediterranean coast while Egypt's goals resided in expanding their influence in order to control the trade routes. Control over this region could mean access to goods which were beyond Egypt's ability to travel. They could also, theoretically, use the commerce trades as a source of revenue. Thus the two parties, with equally commercial and political interest in the region, wanted to expand their own balance of power."

Tags:route, hittites, egypt, ramses, amarru

Abstract
Compares and contrasts the two Mideast countries. Principal factors or indicators that have shaped the political cultures, political leadership patterns, institutions & policies of Egypt and Saudi Arabia. History. Georgraphical featlures and growth of a Nomadic Bedouin cultures.Theocratic rule & kinship bond produced by Islam. Contemporary political developments.

From the Paper
"COUNTRY STUDY -- SAUDI ARABIA AND EGYPT

This research paper describes, compares and contrasts the principal factors (indicators) which have shaped the respective political cultures, dominant political leadership patterns, institutions and policies of Saudi Arabia and Egypt. They include the natural environment, geographical position, religion and economic constraints and potentials.

I. Historical Evolution of Politics and the State (pre-1950)
Throughout its 6,000 year old civilization, Egypt's politics and state structures have been strongly influenced by its climate which yielded a large thinly populated arid area and a densely populated Nile River Valley whose inhabitants have been dependent for their survival on the effects of rainfall and floods."