Abstract This paper discusses Carl Rogers' non-directive approach to therapy, in which the client has control of the direction of the therapy session. The paper examines the roots of humanistic therapy in Carl Rogers' approach and then examines humanistic therapy as it pertains to Rogers' approach. Next, the paper discusses the conditions necessary for positive therapeutic results in client-centered therapy, as propounded by Rogers.
From the Paper "Rogers puts forward some conditions that are necessary for there to be positive therapeutic results in client-centered therapy. These include, the counselor should operate from the premise that the client has a responsibility for himself or herself and also has the willingness for maintaining that responsibility; the client desires to be mature and socially well adjusted and will rely on this to achieve therapeutic change. The counselor should also create a climate where the client feels free to express their feelings and attitudes regardless of their absurdity. Limits can only be set on behavior and not on attitudes, which is a child perhaps may feel like breaking a window but he should not be allowed to actually break the window. The counselor's acceptance of the client's attitudes should involve neither disapproval nor approval of the client's attitudes and feelings. This understanding is conveyed best by seeking clarification where necessary. Finally, the counselor should refrain from actions like probing, giving advice, providing reassurance, apportioning blame and giving suggestions (Ryan, 2008; Green, 2000)."
Tags: non-directive therapy, psychotherapy, carl rogers, humanistic psychology, counseling
Abstract The focus of this paper is Carl Sauer's view of what constitutes the proper philosophy or perspective on education in geography, and also the main components it ought to have. The paper will also discuss the fact that Sauer was writing about fifty years ago and some of what he recommended (and experienced in his own education), has changed; some has remained the same.
Abstract This paper discusses how each individual progresses through the social order with the expectations of conforming to religious political community and personal expectations. Religion is in theory supposed to address the spiritual needs of the individual. The paper further discusses that as religions are consistently changing in society, this is not often the case. Medicine may address the diseases and illnesses that can be scientifically detected in the patient but often times there is pain that cannot be identified as having a direct physical cause. Psychologists, such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, believed that as human beings progressed through life their psychological conditions would create upheaval in a way that could create physical and spiritual unrest, with no apparent cure for the ailment.
Abstract This paper examines the impact of Carl Rogers' person-centered theory on society. The author also considers the application of the theory as it relates to family, groups, interpersonal relationships, and conflict resolution. The goal of the theory and how its techniques are used in therapy is also discussed. The paper compares person-centered theory to other psychological theories, including a historical perspective. All of these issues are important and significant for a complete understanding of what person-centered theory really is and how it applies to many various facets of life.
From the Paper "The primary issue in Carl Rogers' person-centered theory is what he terms the "actualizing tendency" (Rogers, 1980). This term refers to what is considered to be the inherent and the immutable tendency of all organisms, of course including human beings, to do many different things, including grow, expand, develop, differentiate, maintain themselves, restore themselves and realize their natures as much as they are able to and as well as they are able to under the circumstances that they are given (Barrett-Lennard, 1998). This actualizing tendency is seen as the basic characteristic of all organic life, including human life. Rogers (1980) expresses these ideas very well in stating that "The actualizing tendency can ... be thwarted or warped, but it cannot be destroyed without destroying the organism" (Rogers, 1980, p. I 19). "
Abstract This paper examines how Carl L. Becker was one of the most eminent American historians of the early 20th century. It looks at how his long and distinguished career and his impressive list of scholarly monographs alone qualify him as an important figure in the development of historical understanding and how his contributions to historical methodology were equally weighty. It shows how Becker was a progressive historian and how his historical analyses tended to focus on how historical process lead to later development and how these later developments could indeed be seen in the earlier historical precedents. He saw history as defined solely by the store of knowledge that we have about a historical event.
From the Paper "Becker's work was typically presented in book format, and, while in his early work, especially, he presented his work in ways that were meant to be scholarly and academic, his work was to have a much broader popular appeal as well. As a progressive historian, much of Becker's concern was in reevaluating history and in occasionally examining social movements that were not culturally dominant in considering how they also affected history. As a result of his interest in action and untold narrative, Becker has a tendency to bias these elements in his later work. Often, he focuses on how events have continued to be significant today, rather than focusing on their unique historical importance of the time. Similarly, he is often willing to privilege the untold history of a movement that had not received what he considered to be a significant enough amount of historical attention over received historical narratives that were commonly accepted."
Abstract This paper reviews Jasper Becker's "Hungry Ghosts", a book detailing the Chinese famine that occurred during the Great Leap Forward. The paper considers four main points made by Becker concerning Mao's responsibility for the famine: a reliance on pseudoscience, a faulty industrial policy, fear and intimidation that inhibited truth telling and failure to act once the truth was known. Each of these is considered in turn and Becker's argument regarding each is critiqued.
From the Paper "In his ground-breaking study, "Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine", British journalist Jasper Becker depicts what is clearly one of the most tragic events in all of human history: the heretofore little known and misunderstood Chinese famine that resulted from Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward from 1958-1962. He outlines the events which led to the massive starvation of an estimated 30 million people as Mao's government pursued an agricultural-industrial revolution based on pseudo-scientific fantasies about manufacturing and production, and backed by state-sponsored violence and intimidation designed to fabricate for official records what was not and could not be realized in actual practice."
Abstract This paper describes Becker's novel "Jakob the Liar": Jakob, a Polish Jew in the Ghetto, finds himself a neighborhood hero by fabricating reports from his imaginary radio. The paper illustrate that the radio may not be real, but the impact Jakob's radio reports have on the community is real: The inhabitants of this ghetto community now have a sense of hope as they are told of "reports" that the armies are coming to save them. The paper author feels that Becker's use of the imaginary radio brings the reader into the reality of living in Jakob's ghetto.
From the Paper "In the case of Jakob and Lina, the radio brings these two people closer together. When Jakob "plays" the radio for Lina, it is a moment that draws them closer and one of sincere comedy. These were bleak times, and the radio essentially brings hope and happiness to a neighborhood that faces the inevitable. These moments happen often within the first half of the novel, as the radio reports are a ray of light. "
Abstract This paper looks at the life of Belgium serial killer Marie Alexandrine Becker and how she murdered those who were close to her to gain riches and to take herself out of the low life that she had been born to.
Abstract The paper explains that Victor, from ?Geoffrey Becker's "El Diablo de la Cienega", who is a young star basketball player, and Elizabeth, from Ann Packer's "Horse", who is an introverted, bookish young woman excelling in reading, are both individualists who, in different ways, excel in solitary pursuits. The author of the paper points out that the authors of both stories balance the inner and outer life of the protagonists in different ways, depending on the protagonist's gender and maturity; but ultimately, both of these solitary people must come to grips with both their larger world and their developing senses of self. The paper states that Victor and Elizabeth both are driven to close, yet highly conflicted relationships with their surviving mothers because of their status as children in single-parent families.
From the Paper "Elizabeth's perceived gifts in reading, furthermore, are not admired as unequivocally as are Victor's have upon her psyche. Victor sees himself confidently as a gifted athlete, while Elizabeth sees her body as inadequate to the demands of the game she has chosen to prove herself at. Thus the game functions differently in the narrator's perceptions, the structure of the tale's evolution in a linear or a more discursive fashion, and also in terms of whether the character sees the structure of the game as frustrating, as in the case of Elizabeth, or holding the potential for salvation or damnation, as does Victor. The competitive crux of the game-narrative in "Horse" also takes place off-stage, because it is less central to the character's positive development, as opposed to the more physical Victor and the more physical life of the young male protagonist, in "El Diablo de la Cienega" where the game is the story, in essence."
Abstract This paper describes the concepts put forward by Carl Jung. The paper begins by discussing Jung's life and the history of his works. It describes him as a psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology. The paper discusses the ways he used his background on Freudian theories to explore the "inner space" of the human psyche, involving mythology, religion, and philosophy into his studies and becoming an expert in mystic symbolism.
Table of Contents:
The Psychoanalytic School
Carl Gustav Jung and Analytic Psychology
The Archetypes
The Collective Unconscious
The Complex
Synchronicity
The Lifework of Carl Gustav Jung
Carl Gustav Jung Today
From the Paper "Socrates, Aristotle and Plato opened the floor for the study of human behavior and mental life in their philosophical discourses. The fundamental question involved what motivated man to do the thighs he does and how ideas come about. Two thousand years have passed and these questions remain the driving force behind the study of the human psyche- of Psychology."
This paper discusses the life and work of Carl Orff, a German composer born in Munich, Germany, in 1895, who is most famous for his composition, "Carmina Burana".
Abstract This paper describes that Carl Orff's genius in music was nourished and developed into a master's art at the Academy for the Musical Arts, a music school in Munich. The author points out that Karl Orff believed that every child has a talent for music; hence, his "Schulwerk" is a pedagogical compilation of music for children. This paper explains that "Carmina Burana", or "Songs of Benedikbeuern", is a cantata including songs of drinking, food, love, and happiness, which are based on an old manuscript. Illustrations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Orff's "Carmina Burana"
Today's Orff's Music for Children
Carl Orff's Styles and Techniques
From the Paper "Today, Orff Schulwerk has been a music tradition in many nations worldwide. It has long been established in countries such as the USA, Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Greece. Aside from being an institute of music education for children, as it has been since the 1950s, Schulwerk is extended as a music institute for adults alike. In the USA, the American Orff-Schulwerk Association is a music institute that adheres to the teaching techniques developed by Orff and Keetman.
that adheres to the teaching techniques developed by Orff and Keetman."
Abstract In the first segment of this paper the techniques and theoretical perceptions used in symbolic/experiential family therapy are outlined. The paper mentions that Virginia Satir and Walter Kemplar are also seen as having had equal, initial importance in the birth of experiential family therapy. However, the paper concentrates mainly on the work of Carl Whitaker and his colleagues, whose style of therapy differs greatly from that of Satir and Kemplar. The second section of this paper paints a picture of how these sessions of symbolic, experiential therapy might appear in order to give the reader a deeper understanding of the applicability of Whitaker's somewhat unconventional methods.
Paper Outline
Introduction
Carl Whitaker
Basic Model
Theoretical Concepts
Strengths
Shortcomings
Fit With Systems Theory
Current Research
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Anxiety and confusion are increased through use of metaphors, teasing, humor, free association, fantasy, confrontation or silence. The underlying premise being that the way to promote individual growth and family cohesion is to liberate effects and impulses. This is often referred to as "expanding the symptom" and is done to refocus the family members on the problem as within the family, as opposed to one person having the problem. (Connell, et al.; 1999, pp.53)"
Abstract This paper relates that evaluating and comparing human personality theories requires an examination of the history of psychology and an appraisal of the most prominent theorists. The author points out that Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers have influenced psychology profoundly with distinctly different approaches to therapy. The paper explains that Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis and Carl Rogers' humanistic therapy each have their strengths and weaknesses, but humanistic psychology seems to have much greater potential than Freudian analysis.
From the Paper "In evaluating personality theory, it is important to examine the professional history and experiences of the theorists themselves, for these factors inevitably influence the formulation of their theories. We are all products of our own distinctive life experiences, and famous psychologists are no exception. Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers were each influenced consciously and subconsciously by their own unique heredity, their respective professional environments, and a host of other personal, educational, and professional circumstances and events. The respective theories of personality they each constructed reflect all of these influences. Robbins (1999) notes that psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud more than a century ago."
Abstract This paper discusses Carl Rogers as the founder of client-centered therapy. It first describes and examines his concept of client-centered therapy and how it needs to be applied by therapists during treatment sessions. The paper then looks at the ways that Rogers has influenced many psychological theories and therapies present today, especially positive psychology.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Client-Centered Therapy
Positive Psychology Movement
Carl Rogers and Positive Psychology
Conclusion
From the Paper "Many of Carl Rogers's ideas have been influential on modern psychological practices, and specifically in the area of positive psychology. Client-centered therapy is humanistic in nature and is concerned with the quality of human experience. Froh (2004) posits that positive psychology mimics the ideas of Rogers's theory in that it emphasizes the importance of positive subjective experiences to achieve significant personal growth, even though many positive psychologists have attempted to distance themselves and the new theory from past models of therapy. Many positive psychology theorists believe that those in the humanistic realm did not use scientific methodologies as a foundation for their theories. However, "humanistic psychology has an extensive research base that uses both positivistic and phenomenological designs" (Misiak & Sexton, 1973; as cited in Froh, p. 19)."
