Abstract
The paper addresses the three ideas of 'collapse of language", as well as the other factors that connect this collapse of language in a global society. The paper examines Beck's concept of a "world risk society", and explains that he is invariably defining how non-quantifiable risks are creating a common enemy or "other" on a global level. The paper further explains that de-bounding affects are brought forth by a society that is being muted into silence (not having a language to deal with the problem) by governing forces that create irrational fear and risks that are not founded objectively.

Tags:beck, terrorist, language

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses Aaron Temkin Beck, who was born in 1921 and is a psychiatrist and professor emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania. The writer points out that Dr. Beck is also known as the father of cognitive positive therapy and widely recognized for his significant contributions towards mental health care. This paper examines Dr. Beck's contribution to medicine and science by reflecting on how cognitive behavior therapy developed, and by exploring several key theories that have significantly influenced positive medical outcomes in mental health fields. The writer maintains that cognitive behavioral therapy has gained an important position in healthcare treatments because of its successful outcomes in a wide variety of disorders. The writer concludes that as such, Dr. Aaron Beck has gained a significant place in contemporary medical fields, thus earning him a place in the history of humanity's fight against disease and medical disorders.

Outline:
Introduction
The Development of Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The core insight of CBT, therefore, is the idea of thoughts mediating between stimuli or information that is external, such as people, events, and situations, and inner emotions. As such, thoughts are seen as the motor driving outer behavior. For example, a stimulus provokes a thought that elicits an evaluative judgment, which, in turn, rouses an emotional response. In other words, it is not the stimulus that provokes an emotional response but the thought or evaluation that preceded it - an idea that has been further explored in rational emotive behavior therapy."

Tags:patients, depression, mental, thoughts

Abstract
This paper examines two modern day theorists that have had a major impact on psychology--Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. Ellis is known as the founder of rational-emotive therapy and Beck is known as the founder of cognitive therapy. The paper evaluates how both Ellis and Beck are inspirational for their approaches to therapy, for the therapies they pioneered and for the impact these therapies have had. It considers both the approaches and the therapies of Ellis and Beck in turn.

From the Paper
"Ellis's theory is based on the belief that psychological problems are caused by irrational beliefs that people have gained by some experience in the past. These irrational beliefs cause people to overreact to situations. In one work describing how the theory is applied, Ellis offers the example of a woman who is rejected by her partner. According to Ellis, if the woman has emotional difficulties she responds to this rejection in an excessive way. Instead of thinking that it is undesirable to be rejected she believes she is a worthless person because she is rejected and believes that she will never be accepted by anyone (Ellis, 1979). To deal with these emotional problems, Ellis proposed rational-emotive therapy. This therapy is based on the idea that the therapist's role is to teach the individual to think logically. Unlike many therapists, Ellis did not believe that the patient should guide their own thinking."

Tags:cognitive, therapy, rational-emotive, psychological, problems

Abstract
This paper explains that Earl R. Beck in his book "Under the Bombs: The German Home Front, 1942-1945" claims to be only telling the story of the bombing of German cities by the Allies in WWII without any analysis of the circumstance surrounding this action. The author states that Beck provides examples that much of the bombing was not done over harbors, bridges, factories or rail lines but in the center of the cities, where the most destruction was of private homes and the families that lived in them; Beck shows no consideration for the horrific actions of the Nazi's. The paper concludes that the book was poorly written and the ideas presented problematical; the author feels that Beck has a warped idea of justice and fairness, in peace as well as in war: To paraphrase George Santayana, those who forget history are condemned to repeat it.

From the Paper
"The reverses in the East made the Nazis more bloodthirsty. This included their own people, who were tried for everything from petty thievery to treason. The idea was to find everyone guilty. It seems there were still eleven guillotines operating in Germany, and the motto for those handling the trials was "liquidate and expropriate" The Nazis' fury at defeat outside their native land had now turned inward, and was aimed at those "defeatists" who did not want to see all the young German men slaughtered. (They obviously feared Russia much more than France or Britain.)"

Tags:story, jewish, allies, warped, women

Abstract
This paper looks at use of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) as a screening device for depression in alcohol-dependent populations and in weight-loss populations. The paper examines two articles that both advocate the use of this device and also considers the requirements for professionals to be able to administer and score tests given to patients. The paper discusses the validity of the BDI and relates that not only is it valid and reliable, but it has been found to be 90% effective in testing for depression in clinical settings.

Outline:
Article Analysis
Use of the Beck Depression Inventory
Test Administrators
Validity

From the Paper
"Depression is a mood disorder that causes extreme feelings of despondency, sadness, and can be very difficult to not only diagnose but eradicate. Not only does depression cause emotional symptoms, depression will affect physical health including, coronary health and weight gain (Dalrymple, 2011). Knowing if a patient has depression can assist health care professionals in the treatment of other possible ailments. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is the most widely used instrument in screening depression (Dalrymple). A recent study in Psychological Reports, has linked coronary health and weight loss to an active lifestyle (Dalrymple). Moreover, the study effectively links psychological health to an active lifestyle, enhanced coronary health, and weight loss (Dalrymple). A group of 348 individuals were divided into a control group and an intervention group (Dalrymple). At the end of six months, the intervention group showed weight loss; evident by the lower Body Mass Index scores (Dalrymple). The primary mental health in the intervention group was similar at the beginning of the study; however, by the end of the six months the intervention group's mental health surpassed that of the control groups (Dalrymple). The decreased Body Mass Index scores in the intervention group were extensively interrelated with the scores from the intervention group's BDI scores (Dalrymple)."

Tags:screening, scoring, interpretation

Abstract
This paper is a series of questions and answers on the topic of a particular research article, "Concurrent Validity and Psychometric Properties of the Beck Depression Inventory in Outpatient Adolescents." The paper relates that this research article was first published in 1991, but may provide a valuable source for historical research for a literature review on depression measures.

From the Paper
"What is known about the subject? The psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) are well-known in adults. In addition, it appears that the BDI produces accurate results when used with adolescents, with certain limitations. Are there any gaps in the knowledge of the subject? Little is known about the usefulness of this inventory when used with adolescents, particularly in identifying "adolescent syndromal major depressive disorder (MDD)," (p. 51) cutoff scores of specific interest to the study of MDD, and the psychometric efficacy of the BDI with the target..."

Tags:depression, research, psychology

Abstract
This paper relates that the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) measures three major aspects of hopelessness; feelings about the future, loss of motivation and expectations. The paper examines the evidence of the reliability of the BHS, the way the test is administered and the many ways that the utility of the test can be affected. The paper reveals that because of the reliability of the test, it continues to be used by psychiatric professionals in evaluating and measuring abstract hopelessness in patients that are suspected to exhibit suicidal ideations.

Outline:
Psychometric Characteristics
Practical Considerations
Discussion of Test Utility

From the Paper
The psychometric characteristics of the test has been based on various sample groups of psychiatrically diagnosed and normal persons. These studies were conducted under the supervision of skilled and licensed psychiatric professionals. Much of the data of the test is based on samples that were "not diagnosed" according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (Beck, 1988) Though this is the case, professionals still feel this test is accurate enough as it is still widely used.
"The Beck hopelessness Scale (BHS) was developed by Aaron T. Beck and his associates to measure three major aspects of hopelessness; feelings about the future, loss of motivation and expectations. This test was originally developed to measure negative attitudes about the future in patients who were considered to be at risk for committing suicide: however, it is sometimes used in normal adolescence and adults. (Wikipedia, 2007) Evaluations of the BHS were conducted using the item-response theory. In two separate samples, the end result was identical."

Tags:motivation, expectations, suicide

Abstract
The author states that cognitive therapy relates to how a person thinks and attempts to resolve the patients' problems by changing how they think. The author believes that the strengths of cognitive therapy is that it is a comforting process and an action-oriented approach focused in the present. The author continues that the weakness is it may not work in extreme cases.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Applications of Cognitive Therapy
Listening to Internal Dialogue
Dream Therapy
Conditions Treated by Cognitive Therapy
Depression
Suicide Prevention
Strengths and Weaknesses
Ellis' Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)
Strengths and Weaknesses

From the Paper
"Beck believed that problems resulted from cognitive distortions, that is, were based in a person's thinking. Beck believed that a person's thought, beliefs, attitudes and perceptions were the basis for what emotions they would experience and how intense those emotions would be and that by changing the thinking a person could change their experience."

Tags:thought, beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, emotions, experience, depression, schemata, internal, dialogue, dreams, trauma, bereavement, latent, eating, disorders, social, phobia, substance, abuse, sexual, problems, obsessive-compulsive, disorder, panic, attacks, prediction, suicide

Abstract
As our society ages, palliative care nursing will become more and more significant. With that in mind, healthcare professionals need to develop ways of dealing humanely with individuals at the end of the life-cycle whose values, religious tenets and world-views may differ from the professional's own. As American society ages and becomes more diverse, this need for cultural sensitivity at the end of life becomes more pressing than ever.

From the Paper
End of Life Care or Palliative Care: The Problem Statement, a Critique Using Polit & Beck's Criteria, and a Critique of the Problem Statement Using McEwen & Wills Problem Statement As our society ages, palliative care nursing will become more and more significant. With that in mind, healthcare professionals need to develop ways of dealing humanely with individuals at the end of the life-cycle whose values, religious tenets and world-views may differ from the professional's own. As American society ages and becomes more diverse, this need for cultural sensitivity at the end of life becomes more

Tags:critique, polit, beck

Abstract
Discusses the general nature of the self-report, self-administered test. Purpose of measuring of attitudes and wide range of symptoms of depression. Method of scoring. Applicability. Theoretical foundation in cognitive theoty. Technical description. Components of the revised BDI. Critique of the test regarding reliability and validity. Usefulness as a diagnostic indicator.

From the Paper
"CRITIQUE OF THE BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY

Identifying Information
The original version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was introduced by Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock & Erbaugh in 1961. The BDI was revised in 1971 and made copyright in 1978 following additional pilot testing (Groth-Marnat, 1996). Both the original and revised versions of the instrument have been found to be highly correlated with the average correlation coefficient set at .84 (Groth-Marnat, 1996). An amended version of the Beck Depression Inventory was published in 1993 (BDI-IA; Beck & Steer, 1993).

General Nature of the Test
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report, self-administered instrument consisting of 21 items designed to measure ..."