Abstract
This paper explores the views of the existentialists, Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Simone de Beauvior, and points out where they agree and or disagree. The paper explains that all three agree on the ideology of freedom, but they disagree on how it is expressed in our lives. The paper discusses how Sartre says freedom is absolute and he places no restrictions on our freedom, while Merleau-Ponty agrees that we are all inherently free but does not believe that our freedom is unrestricted. The paper explains Merleau-Ponty's ideas on past decisions and experiences and the limitations they place on freedom. The paper then turns to the beliefs of Beauvoir who agrees with Merleau-Ponty but analyzes the ethics of freedom and its relationship to ambiguity.

From the Paper
"The definition of Freedom in and of itself is simple. Freedom is the condition of being free, which is to be without constraint and under no obligation according to the American Heritage Dictionary. When applying the art of philosophy in terms that always seem to need another definition it is quite the opposite of simple. Existentialism is a 20th century philosophy that views the individual as being unique and alone in an indifferent and even hostile universe. From this standpoint the definition of Freedom becomes an intense topic of discussion in which some points are agreed upon and others are hotly debated."

Tags:restrictions, experiences, God, ambiguity, ethics

Abstract
The writer of this in-depth paper explores how from the beginning of time male-oriented philosophy and theology proved women to be in the wrong. This paper ponders author Simone de Beauvior's view of women in the book "The Second Sex." This paper also focuses on the African-American woman whose role has been made twice as difficult because of her racial identity as well as other female ethnic groups. This paper delves into Carl Jung's theories of women as well as Aristotle who subjugated women philosophically, politically, economically and as a gender.

From the Paper
"For the African American Woman the role of woman was made twice as difficult because of her racial identity. Before the Civil War, black women were not only subjugated because they were women, but also because they were chattel (life-long) slaves. To their white male owners they were both mammy and a source of sexual release not permitted with their frail white wives. Once the African slaves were emancipated, the black male was given suffrage but his female counterpart was still subject to him and other men."

Tags:women, history, african, american, ethnic, rights, evolution, aristotle, carl, jung, simone, de, beauvior, hillary, clinton

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the way in which feminism is considered in the two Ibsen plays "A Doll's House" and "Hedda Gabler" and in Simone de Beauvoir's novel "The Mandarins".

From the Paper
"In Henrik Ibsen's plays A Doll's House and Hedda Gabler as well as Simone de Beauvior's novel The Mandarins the issue of feminism becomes central focus of the narratives. The female protagonists in these works all strive to establish identities that are ..."

Tags:feminism, ibsen, a doll's house, hedda gabler, beauvior, mandarins, nora, anne, sexuality, individual, woman, inequality, freedom

Abstract
This paper uses Simone Beauvoir's pioneering claim 'one is not born a woman, but, rather becomes one? as a beginning point in critically examining different theories which propose how one becomes a woman, not necessarily due to her biology. It addresses psychoanalysis, social constructionism and poststructuralism and takes Freud and Chodorow as exemplars of psychoanalysis, Oakley as an exemplar of the social constructionism perspective and Butler as an exemplar of the poststructuralist position. It aims to critically engage with the theories of these writers and attempts to establish the implications that each one carries towards our understanding of gender inequalities.

From the Paper
"Beauvior's pioneering work became central to all subsequent theories on gender. A number of writers developed theories, which were based on the same tenants as Beauvior's ideas. The theories in question can be divided into the three broad frameworks of psychoanalysis, social constructionism and poststructuralism. Examining the work of every writer associated with these positions goes well beyond the scope of this work. Hence this work shall be selective by taking Freud and Chodorow as exemplars of psychoanalysis, Oakley as an exemplar of social constructionism and taking Butler as an exemplar of the poststructuralist position. This work shall aim to critically engage with the theories of these writers and attempt to establish the implications that each one carries towards our understanding of gender inequalities."

Tags:feminism, freud, oakely, simone, beauvior, chodorow

Abstract
This paper details the evolution of French artistic and literary expression from before WWI to after WWII. Dadaism, Surrealism, Absurdism, and many of the famous writers of those periods are examined. The paper focuses on the works of Jean-Paul Sartre and looks at influences on his writing, as well as his impact on the Absurdist movement. The paper also analyzes some of Sartre's more famous plays and discusses his philosophy.

From the Paper
"There was a brief period of economic prosperity and progress in France, called the belle poque (beautiful epoch) before World War I in the early years of the 20th century and right before the wave of pessimism began in the 1920s (Cosper 2004). At this time, inventions like the telephone, the automobile, the airplane and the cinema refreshed modern life. Literature turned away from old styles, such as naturalism, and into the newer and more exciting forms, like cubism and bold experiments by Apollinaire. Other playwrights followed the lead of Apollinaire and introduced stage innovations, among them, Alfred Jarry with his extravagant farce in Ubu Roi in 1896 and Ubu King in 1951 and Paul Claudel. Alain-Fournier's novel, "The Wanderer", denied the limitations realists and naturalists placed on the human imagination and philosopher Henri Bergson proposed the naturalist view that human destiny was predetermined and that people had freewill and unlimited creative energy (Cosper)."

Tags:tristan, tzara, paris, nothing, breton, playwrights, camus, simone, de, beauvior, absurd