Abstract Most Japanese that grew up after the 1970s are not even aware of the struggles that were experienced before them. The same can be said for the study of post-war Japanese history. The lion's share of research has been on the Japanese economic 'miracle', and relatively little has been mentioned of the post war hardships. This paper marks an effort to shift this balance. It will explore the so-called Security Treaty Crisis of 1960 between the US and Japan and pay particular attention to the social effects on Japan. To provide an understanding of the situation the origins of the crisis will be elaborated. Here, in addition to the domestic situation in Japan, the entire international scene must be looked at, as this was a critical time in the unfolding of the cold war. After setting this stage, the remainder of the paper will focus on the impact and importance of the crisis and the longer-term effects on Japan.
Abstract This paper discusses sports in the 1960's. Citing the examples set by Presidents Kennedy, Nixon, and Eisenhower, the entire world of sports in America is examined, including the Olympics, the affect of racism, the major historical issues of the time and how they affected sports, the growth in popularity of professional sports, and the role of the television and radio.
Tags: SPORTS / POLITICAL ISSUES (INTERNATIONAL, OLYMPICS, DRUG TESTING), sports in 1960's
Abstract The following paper examines the cultural transformation that gripped Western and particularly American society during the 1960s. Chiefly, the paper examines the iconoclasm of the decade, the reaction against the "military-industrial" establishment, and the changing sexual roles and attitudes of the period. In closing, the paper suggests that the decade was a testament to the vibrancy of American culture.
From the Paper "More so than any other decade of the twentieth century, he 1960s changed Western European and American society. From a loosening of moral strictures to anti-war protests to a re-definition of how American young people saw themselves in relationship to their government, the decade ushered in a new age and a new youth movement. The following paper will argue that the Sixties (particularly in America) was characterized by a transformation in sexual behavior, family and race relationships, attitudes towards authority, ideals and values. It was not an economic or political revolution, per se, but a cultural one (a seismic shift in attitude above all else) that touched all areas of American life. "
Abstract This paper explains the equation that caused the explosion of the 1960s was a simple one. "Consumerism + cold war + denial = conformity". The paper gives details about two leaders of the 1960s movement for change, Abbie Hoffman and Janis Joplin, each of whom contributed to the social protest mindset of the 1960s in a different way and became symbols of importance to the counterculture. The paper states that, if it were not for the 1960s, blacks might still be forced to the back of the bus, women would still be expected to stay home and not have career ambitions, and Viet Nam might still be going on.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What Came before the Storm
Social Protests
Compliments and Contrary Effects
Abbie Hoffman and Janis Joplin
Conclusion
From the Paper "The social protests began at various stages. The south had them erupting because of the segregation that was still an accepted practice in that area. Other parts of the nation had them because of the Viet Nam conflict and all that it represented by way of government lies and the loss of innocent lives. Innocence was destroyed during this era, as the younger generation pulled back the curtain of the Wizard and saw that it was only a man dressed as the American government. Once the untruths became evident, the grass root movement to change the nation took hold and social protest became a way of life for the American people."
Abstract This paper discusses how the 1960s brought about a great deal of change in American life as we know it today. These changes included the passing of the civil rights bill and the women's liberation movement. Both the civil rights and the women's liberation movement have been explored in a great deal of literature about the 1960s. This paper examines everyday life for women in the 1960s. The author focuses on educational and workforce opportunities in addition to family and marriage.
Outline:
Introduction
Life for women in the 1960s Education and Job opportunities
Marriage and Family
Women's Liberation Movement
Conclusion
From the Paper "Although single motherhood was becoming more prevalent it still wasn't as accepted as it is today so many young women got married. Some married women were able to be stay at home mothers if their spouses had good jobs. However, this was usually only the case if the husband had some type of higher education. In many cases if both the husband and the wife only had high school diplomas or did not graduate from high school they both would have to work outside of the home.
"For women who could afford to stay home with their children, much of their daily lives were relegated to managing the home. Women would be responsible for cooking, cleaning, childcare, running errands and the like. Women would also be responsible for ensuring that different community or family functions (eg, birthdays, bridal showers) took place and ran smoothly. Although both working women and housewives were expected to maintain the home, women were becoming increasingly more significant in public life. This was a marked contrast from the 1950's when women's roles were more defined.
"Regardless of whether a woman was a housewife or part of the workforce her daily routine would include taking care of children; whether it be getting them to school, caring for them in the home or sending them to day care. If a woman worked and was also a mother she had to balance work life with home life. In some cases fathers began to take a more active role in the lives of their children but most of the responsibility in rearing children and attending to domestic affairs was left to the woman."
Tags: roles, society, opportunities, liberation, change, America
Abstract This paper examines how, during the years from 1930-1960, radio became an increasingly popular form of entertainment for Americans. It looks at how technological changes helped spark the spectacular growth of radio and how in the 1930s radio programs were hugely varied and included a wide number of entertainment programs, as well as a number of hugely popular news programs. It explores how governmental intervention in radio began in 1934 with the creation of the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and how, in the years from 1930 to 1960, radio gradually shifted its focus from variety-style entertainment programs to music programming, largely as a result of the appearance of television. It also discusses how radio today focuses largely on the music industry rather than the variety programs that were popular during the years 1930-1940, but still remains a hugely popular part of American culture.
Outline
Introduction
Government Involvement
Technology
The Growth of Radio 1930-1960 Programming
Famous Moments
Important People and Performers
The Preservation of Old-Time Radio
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the 1940s, FM became popular, as the FCC authorized broadcasting on 42-50MHZ. During the war, manufacturing and technology boom in radio, although home users were limited by wartime shortages. In 1945, the FCC changed the FM band to 88 to 108 megacycles. In 1946, selenium rectifiers began to replace vacuum tube rectifiers. By 1947 the size of radios were reduced, as miniature rectifiers, tubes, transformers and printed circuit boards became popular. The transistor was invented in 1947, and first introduced to the public in 1948 (A Brief History of Radio). "
Tags: variety, programs, entertainment, television
Abstract This paper discusses how the 1960s were a time of great upheaval in American society. Politically and socially America changed dramatically in the years from 1960 to 1969 - especially in the latter half of the decade - and one of the areas most influenced by the wave of new attitudes and perspectives was human sexuality.This paper argues that the sexual revolution of the 1960s emerged because of a confluence of factors.
Abstract The paper examines how modern liberalism reached a peak in the 1960s United States, when the Great Society program, initiated by President Johnson, resulted in a number of significant reforms. The paper discusses these reforms, particularly in the areas of civil rights and social welfare. The paper analyzes how, since the mid-1970s, however, there has been a definitive move away from liberalism and towards conservatism in the American society. The essay discusses reasons for this change.
Outline:
Introduction
The Philosophy of the 1960s' Liberalism & its Objectives
Accomplishments of 1960s Liberalism
Reasons for the Conservative Backlash
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "In the recent history of the United States, liberalism had its heyday in the 1960s when the Civil Rights Movement and feelings against social injustice in the American society culminated in the 'Great Society' program of LBJ that set the ambitious goals of eliminating poverty and racial injustice by launching major initiatives in the areas of education, health, urban problems, transportation, consumer protection, and the environment. Other spin-offs of the liberal era were the flowering of movement for Women's Liberation and the gay rights. From the mid-seventies onward, however, liberalism has gradually been overshadowed by a growing conservative tide in the US society to an extent that many observers have pronounced it 'dead and buried.'"
Abstract This paper examines the history behind the principal federal civil rights legislation passed in the 1960s, primarily the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (the '64 Act) and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (the '65 Act) and their implications. The '64 and '65 Acts were enacted during the administration of President Lyndon Johnson and represented a culmination of a long struggle by the civil rights movement for recognition of the legal and political rights of African Americans. It analyzes how they revolutionized politics in the South and helped that region participate more fully in the nation's progress. It also looks at how blacks, other ethnic and racial minorities and women benefited greatly from the civil rights legislation of the 1960s, but how efforts since then by African Americans to participate more fully in American society have largely been thwarted.
Outline
Background
Origins of the '64 Act
Passage of the '64 Act
Johnson's Motivations
Legislative Strategy
Effect of the '64 Act
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
Civil Rights Laws and White Backlash
Conclusion
From the Paper "Further crises followed. The Kennedys negotiated with Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett to ensure the peaceful entry of James Meredith as a student at Mississippi University in September 1962, but they were forced to send in 500 marshals. After the marshals were overwhelmed by a local mob and had suffered 160 wounded, JFK sent in 5,000 Army troops. Both Kennedys felt that they had been double-crossed by Barnett. Weisbrot said "the events at Ole Miss did much to reshape President Kennedy's thinking about race, politics, and his role in civil rights reform." Next, anti-segregation demonstrations took place in Birmingham in the spring of 1963 where nationwide television audiences witnessed the brutality used by Police Chief Bull Connor on unarmed civil rights demonstrators."
Tags: blacks, south, johnson, martin, luther, king
Abstract This paper analyzes numerous films of the 1960s which focused on specific social issues, such as the sexual revolution, women's rights and feminism, the military/industrial complex, domestic violence and the breakdown of societal mores and ethics. The five important films referred to are all considered as quintessential examples of 1960s cinema--"The Apartment", "Dr. Strangelove", "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", "Bonnie and Clyde" and "Cool Hand Luke".
From the Paper "In the 1960 comedy/drama "The Apartment", starring Jack Lemmon, Shirley MacLaine, Fred MacMurray, Ray Walston and Edie Adams, director Billy Wilder focuses on the main character, C.C. Baxter (Lemmon), an ambitious and somewhat gullible young insurance clerk who tries to advance his social standing by lending his apartment key to several high-ranking executives who are prone to cheating on their wives. But when Baxter meets and falls madly in love with Fran Kubelik (MacLaine), the apartment building's elevator operator, it suddenly dawns on him that Fran is the same woman that his boss (MacMurray), a so-called happily married man, has been taking to his apartment for numerous sexual romps."
This paper emphasizes the racial injustice that characterized the South in the 1960s. It discusses the life story of Anne Moody, the author of this autobiography, and the many hardships she encountered.
Abstract This paper focuses on the life of Anne Moody, the author of "Coming of Age in Mississippi." It discusses many of the civil rights in which African- Americans were neglected in the 1960s. The major issues addressed in the paper is the issue of "race" in the post-modern United States during the 1960s and Moody's struggle to survive in a country full of hate and neglect.
From the Paper "Coming of Age in Mississippi, by Anne Moody, is a stark testimony to the racial injustice that characterized the southern United States until the civil rights movements of the 1960s brought lasting changes to the region. The southern world into which Moody was born in 1940 was one ruled by whites. Her autobiography is filled with incidents that serve as a reminder of this overwhelming truth. Anne Moody's development and life are greatly shaped by the tremendous amount of racial discrimination and prejudice that African Americans face in the South at the time she is growing up. Moody's unearthing of the perception and implication of race is the underlining principle of her autobiography. Moody's racial "coming of age" enlightens her to the real truth of all races and oppressed people in the southern world."
Abstract This paper argues that, despite arguments to the contrary, decadence was not the message that 1960s-era rock stars communicated to society; the message was acceptance of the equality of races and the legitimacy of the demands of the Civil Rights Movement.
Outline
Pre-1960s: Attitude Towards the American Blacks
History of the Blacks in America
Music and Civil Rights Movement
Black Musicians and Contributions
"Troubadours of Conscience"
Elvis Presley's Contribution
Baez and Dylan
From the Paper "When the Civil Rights Movement began, it did so in an atmosphere that very strongly believed that the Black person was extremely inferior to the White person, and music became the best means of changing the dominant attitudes towards the Blacks. Music contributed to the Civil Rights Movement's cause for equality in two main ways. First was through the songs and musical style of popular white singers such as Elvis Presley, Joan Baez, Janis Joplin and Bob Dylan. Second was through the popularity achieved by Black entertainers as the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, the Temptations and many others, among the White people themselves."
Abstract The paper discusses how cultural revolution of the 1960s was a time when young people were angry at the world. The paper explains that they were angry due to losing a president, angry about Vietnam and determined to be different than the past generation of Americans. The paper describes how the cultural revolution of the 1960s brought about technology changes in communication and the media, saw young people take drugs and become hippies and they loved rock and roll. The paper discusses how many became activists for civil rights, women's rights, Vietnam, the war on poverty and domestic issues.
Abstract This paper contends that, comparing today with 1960, humanity has not advanced in the past four decades; the world of today still comes down to the choice of opportunity and harmony or discord and destruction. The author explains that, in 1960, because of the Cold War, the world faced the threat of nuclear war; whereas, in the 21st century, with the collapse of the U.S.S.R and the subsequent strengthening of the U.S. and other nations, which has resulted in some of the Islamic peoples' growing resentment towards Western influence, the world now faces global terrorism. This paper concludes that the world community is constantly faced with choices that literally can result in life or death; therefore, every person, government leader and nation must make the right choices between war or peace and freedom or oppression to ensure the life of future generations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Definition
Cause and Effect
Argument
Conclusion
From the Paper "In 1960, on a cold crisp January afternoon, the newly elected President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, stood at the podium of his inaugural and gave a speech outlining his objectives for the coming presidential term. As one of the most powerful nations in the world at that time, people in all corners of the globe listened with rapt attention. In this speech, Kennedy made it clear that he represented a new era of leadership not only for the United States, but also for the world; a leadership that was born in the 20th century and held a fresh point of view to lead the nations of the world in a bold new direction, ..."
This paper discuses two Chinese media articles about the agricultural situation in 1960 as examples of the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) use of propaganda.
Abstract This paper explains that, until the 1970s, sinologists and others studied the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) media for clues as to what might be occurring in Mainland China of which there was much conjecture. The author compares the reports from two 1960 CCP media releases, which were prepared for the national Chinese audience by the People's Republic of China (PRC), with what is now known about the terrible Communist planning error in the agricultural sector during the late 1950s and early 1960s. The paper concludes that all media materials from Beijing were expected to be propaganda; therefore, the Chinese public became adept at discerning what really might be happening. The author stresses that this reflective habit is still practiced in the PRC, despite much liberalization of the mass media.
Table of Contents
Introduction
'Go to the First Line of Agriculture!'
'Advance Payment of Wages Every Month Stimulates Enthusiasm of the CCP'
Mao's Famine
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper "The article seems to fit with a great deal that appeared through the month of September 1960 to do with agricultural gains, work still to be done, the potential for China to become a kind of agrarian paradise, and general applause for the rural laborer. In the article discussed, rural toil is said to be very good for cadres who may still be bureaucrats or people otherwise not yet exposed to the soil. Readers in the cities, or for that matter in Hong Kong or Taiwan or wherever else refugees from the Communist state had fled, had reason to wonder what was meant by the "transfer of large numbers of cadres ..."
