From the Paper
INTRODUCTION & PROBLEM STATEMENT
"The purpose of this research is to examine the raw material resources export situation for developing countries. When resources are exported in their raw state, producing countries (1) reap minimal economic benefits during periods of strong demand for their resources, and (2) are subject to severe economic contraction when demand slackens. New and more effective strategies are required for the international marketing of raw material resources by developing countries.

Effective resource development within a society involves the development of human resources, and domestic processing and manufacturing capacity, as well as the development of physical resources (Palombara, 1974, pp. 233-282). All too many..."

Tags:economics, international, trade

Abstract
This paper discusses Alumina or Aluminum Oxide, the only oxide formed by the metal aluminum, which occurs in nature as the minerals corundum, diaspore, gibbsite and most commonly as bauxite, which is an impure form of gibbsite. The author submits that its industrial and commercial use in the modern times took off after the development of the Bayer process, which made possible the wide-scale, low cost production of the material.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Background Information: History of Alumina
Initial Manufacture of Alumina
Manufacture of Aluminum & the Bayer Process
New Natural Forms of Alumina
Properties of Alumina
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Electrical Properties
Structure of Crystalline Alumina
Alumina (Aluminum Oxide) Structure
Structure of Liquid Alumina
Applications of Alumina
Ceramics
As an Insulating Material
Electronics
Mechanical Ceramics
Military Uses
Bio Medical
Chemical Ceramics
Enameling
Refractory Uses
Chemical Industry
Catalysts, Fillers, and the Glass industry
The Bayer Process
Grinding of Bauxite
Digestion of Bauxite
Settling and washing of Residues
Crystallization of Hydrates
Calcination of Hydrate
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Fused alumina (the substance produced after being melted and re-crystallized) is identical in chemical and physical properties with natural corundum. It is a very hard material and its hardness is exceeded only by diamond and a few synthetic substances such as carborundum, and silicon carbide. This property of alumina lends itself for use as an abrasive material. Another useful property of the material is its high melting point, i.e., above 2000 C (3632 F), which makes it useful as a refractory and as linings of special furnaces. The mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties of Alumina (99.7% purity) often used in the ceramic industry are depicted in the following tables:..."

Tags:bauxite, bayer, thermal, ceramics, electronics

Abstract
This paper explains that, when customers consume a commodity such as an iPod, they often do not realize that not only are they engaging in a relationship with that particular commodity, but they are also becoming intertwined in a series of social, economic and geographical global relationships that are responsible for bringing that product to market. The author points out that the iPod's commodity chain extends from an initial idea in the Silicon Valley, to mining for raw materials such as bauxite and carbon in Guinea and the Republic of Congo, processing plants in Kazakhstan, engineers in India, global high-tech headquarters on nearly every major continent, manufacturers in China, marketing firms in the United States and the end consumer. The paper relates that each and every one of these components has its own commodity chain that begins with conception or a design, production, all the way to the retailing distribution to the consumer

From the Paper
"These relationships can be mapped in reverse from the point of consumption, to a retailer, to a marketing agency, to a supplier, from an exporter/importer, then a producer or manufacturer, and finally, the location of the raw materials of which the consumer product, in this case the iPod, are made of. This sequential chain of functional activity nodes is known as a commodity chain. Identifying a product's commodity chain is critical for maximizing revenues by identifying processes along the commodity chain where operating costs can be reduced and thus, margins increased."

Tags:outsourcing, offshoring, relationship, generator, portalplayer

Abstract
Case study analysis of the industrial characteristics and performance of affiliates of MNE's in India. India's main strategic advantages over other developing countries are the availability of a large pool of highly skilled and technically qualified manpower at a low cost, a highly diversified and relatively well-developed industrial base, which also adds to the availability of experienced engineering and managerial cadres. Large domestics market, and access to primary resources and raw materials such as iron ore, bauxite, jute and tea.

FDI and Comments on the Governments Policy Formulation
for Promotion of MNE's
Imperative of Attracting Export-Oriented FDI through
MNE's
A Professional Approach to Promotion
Evolution of Government Policy in Conjunction with
Promotion of MNE's
Government Policy and Trends in Foreign Investments and
Collaboration
Concluding Remarks

Tags:fdi, it, swadeshi