Abstract This paper gives an explanation of the concept of assault and battery under the Tort Law ( civil law ). Both concepts are treated separately. The conditions for any assault or battery to take place are explained with examples throughout.
From the Paper "Humans are aggressive and violent by nature. There are people who are capable of committing serious acts of violence against their own kind. Since the beginning of civilizations, crime has remained an integral part of our society and will continue to plague it. In order to harness the violent nature of mankind, societies evolved rules and regulations commonly known as the laws. Any person found violating these laws is subjected to punishment which not only curtails the criminal's freedom but also serves as a deterrent for others. Law is a complicated subject but ignorance of law is no excuse. A common person generally has some knowledge about criminal law because incidents related to crime and delinquency remain on forefront of media. The other types of law do not form any sensational news and therefore remain in background. The purpose of this paper is to focus on civil law (commonly known as Tort Law) and analyze the implications of Assault and Battery by identifying the differences between the two and quoting suitable examples of each."
Abstract Disposable batteries have transformed the way that we live and the types of activities that we do. This discussion provides the reader with a natural history of disposable batteries from the time the raw materials are extracted from the earth to the time they are recycled or in a land fill. The environmental impact that batteries have along the path of creation, use, and disposal is also covered. This paper also discusses the peripheral impact of batteries, including how they are shipped, how much fuel is used, and how much pollution is created. Finally, it looks at the social impact of batteries and facts about the societies that make, use, and dispose of batteries.
Introduction
Natural History of Disposable Batteries Uses
Environmental Impact
Peripheral Impact
Social Impact of Batteries
From the Paper "The concept of batteries was first discovered between 1780-1786 by Luigi Galvani. Galvani found that connecting iron and brass created an electrical current. His ideas were expanded upon by Alessandro Volta from 1796 to 1799 with the creation of the voltaic electricity. Voltaic electricity was found when Alessandro experimented with stacking silver and zinc plates to create a pile and form the first dry battery. Volta also created the first "crown of cups" which consisted of silver and zinc discs that were covered in a salt solution."
Abstract The paper discusses dry-cell batteries which were invented as an alternative to higher leaking, long lasting batteries. Today's advanced electronics are demanding more battery power and it is not unusual for a highly developed electronic item to go through two or three sets of batteries in a day. The paper shows that as technology advances, the stronger the battery demand and this brought about the invention of the dry-cell battery. The purpose of this technical research is to define dry cell batteries, their kinetic make-up, and how are they recycled.
From the Paper "Recycling batteries saves the environment and ensures proper disposal. There are many programs which assist in helping individuals learns how to recycle batteries. There is one program called "Charge Up To Recycle" which educates people on the recycling process, and the companies that recycle batteries. The objective of this program is to make everyone aware of the available services and encourage them to participate in recycling of the batteries. There are some battery recycle facilities that charge a small fee for used up batteries, but most of these facilities will take the batteries free of charge. The purpose of the battery manufacturers is to get everyone involved in recycling old batteries. Recycling batteries can be very beneficial to the air, eliminating lots of air pollution."
Abstract All cell phone services promise better rates and better services to their customers but only technological advances can truly provide a longer lasting battery life for cell phone users. The paper shows that the overall goal of the cellular phone industry and its users is to improve the quality and length of service of cell phones, without requiring the phones to be charged as often as they must be at present, on as consistent a basis as before. Consumers want this to be accomplished at the lowest price possible and companies wish to provide a competitive price. The paper shows that the cellular phone battery market, given the changing nature of the technology and its relatively new status on the market represents a highly competitive and volatile industry. However, new advances in cell phone technology could give potential innovators a lock on the market. The paper examines two existing cellular phone batteries - Nickel Cadmium and Lithium Ion.
From the Paper "Users of cellular phones are currently faced with a dilemma of quality versus expense. The solution for the industry would be to provide an inexpensive form of technology that allows users to top up on their charge as often as users want. However, at present this is easier envisioned than accomplished with current technology. In a November 2, 2002 article in the trade journal Battery News, Tyco Electronics Power Systems Inc., a supplier of telecommunications power equipment, and Valence Technology Inc., a developer and manufacturer of Saphion technology and Li-on polymer rechargeable batteries, are said to be collaborating "to evaluate and develop Valence's Saphion Li-on technology" in the hopes of creating inexpensive Li-on batteries. A cellular battery that is inexpensive, does not suffer from voltage depression, and can be recharged on the convenience of the user, and poses no environmental hazards may be in the works. Should this be developed, the competition amongst cellular phone services would escalate, unless only one type of phone or service secures a patent over these potentially inexpensive Li-on batteries."
Abstract This paper explains that the Woodcock-Johnson batteries (WJIII), which was first published in 1977, is a comprehensive test battery used for assessing cognitive and academic achievement skills in individuals, aged 2 years through 90 years. The author points out that WJIII norms are based on data from the same sample of subjects, which allows direct comparisons among and within a subject's scores, giving a degree of accuracy not possible when comparing scores from separately normed tests. The paper stresses that professionals who use the WJIII ACH are responsible for maintaining test security by carefully storing materials and protecting test contents. The author would use this testing system to understand a student's strengths and weaknesses because it has more validity than other tests, is easy to give, is current and shows strong reliabilities.
Table of Contents:
History
Overview of the Test
WJIII Cognitive Tests
WJIII Achievement Tests Validity
Norms
Reliability
Scoring
Testing Administration Requirements
Preparation for Testing
Accommodations or Adaptations
Discrepancies
Conclusion
From the Paper "Any person administering the WJIII achievement tests (ACH) needs thorough knowledge and proficiency of the administration and scoring procedures, which need to be followed carefully. Graduate-level training in educational assessment and a background in diagnostic decision-making are recommended, and at minimum a practicum-type course covering administration and interpretation of tests of academic achievement. Many qualified examiners possess state, provincial, or professional certification, registration, or licensure in a field or profession that includes, as part of its formal training and code of ethics, the responsibility for rendering educational assessment and interpretation services."
Abstract The paper provides a discussion that will identify the degree of cultural bias that exists in the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, which is designed to identify the level of cognitive development that has occurred in children at various stages. The paper explains that although there is perceived bias in this test, there is little if any concrete evidence of such bias, making this a situation-specific occurrence.
From the Paper "The provision of testing processes for young children is a necessity in today's education community, whereby individuals are assessed based upon their knowledge and skills in a wide variety of areas, and it is expected that these tests provide different perspectives regarding the effectiveness of education and the skill level of students in different communities. For example, the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children serves as a comprehensive examination of cognition in young children, and this evaluation utilizes statistics and psychology as its primary strategies (St. Mary's University of Minnesota 1). The following discussion will identify the specific criteria related to this assessment in greater detail, emphasizing cultural awareness and possible bias that is suggested in this test as a means of identifying learning capabilities in young children."
Abstract This paper analyzes the history of common law assault and battery elements and it compares those with the statutes developed for one of the states in America, Idaho. The paper looks at specific cases to discuss the developments. Additionally, the paper discusses possible reasons for the changes and then examines future alterations in terms of modern society.
From the Paper "The definition of aggravated battery also differentiates from common law, which has no such definition. Idaho statute IC 18-907 defines the crime as someone who, in the course of committing battery, commits great bodily harm, disability, or disfigurement, uses a deadly weapon, uses a chemical, or attacks a pregnant female and causes harm to the fetus. The statute continues to state those performing consensual abortions, giving appropriate medical treatment to a pregnant female, or a woman who injures her own embryo or fetus, is not to be subject to aggravated battery (IC 18-907). It is clear through the very detailed description of instances regarding pregnant females that such a population was a primary focal point of this statute."
Abstract The paper begins with a discussion of the first solar battery in 1954 and how it was made. The paper goes on to examine the development of solar powered homes several years later. The paper then tells how the cost of solar cells was cut, allowing solar cells to become more economically viable for powering household appliances. The paper lastly describes other solar powered products of the 1950s, including a solar powered clock, a solar cigarette lighter, and the solar video camera.
From the Paper "Products using solar energy were also being marketed in 1958. Solar radios, clocks, cigarette lighters, barbeque grills and movie camera with a self-adjusting lens were making use of the new technology. Hoffman Electronics was using its own version of the silicon battery to power a solar radio. Bruce L Birchard, of Hoffman Electronics, in Los Angeles said the "radios were selling better than anticipated." They took the photons of energy from the sun, stored positive charged energy on one layer of silicon, touched it to another layer of silicon with negative energy resulting in a current flowing. The current is electricity that comes from the sun. These solar batteries were stored in the radio handle, and could hold enough energy to play for 100 hours without the sun."
Tags: alternative energy, silicone batteries, energy conservation, fossil fuels, bell laboratory
This paper discusses the issues of building multistory buildings on areas of landfill, areas of dumped discarded items such as debris and garbage, using Battery Park City, New York City as an example.
Abstract This paper reports that one way that builders are finding available land is by using places previously thought unsafe or unsuitable to build on, such as landfill sites. This paper explains that landfill sites can safely be used to build high-rise buildings, provided the density of the landfill, the size of the foundation pieces and the deepness of the foundation pilings are taken into consideration. The author points out that there have been no reported problems from the settling of the landfill site on which Battery Park City was built.
From the Paper "First, it is important to understand what landfills are and why they are here. Landfills are areas where the city or other municipality has dumped discarded items such as debris and garbage. The city often dumps large items there, as well, and eventually the landfill reaches its capacity. Landfills are important because debris and garbage has to go somewhere, but many people remain concerned that landfills are dangerous, and that hazardous materials are being dumped into landfills, which could harm people in the future. When someone decides to build on a landfill site, as the one in Battery Park City, the question of stability comes up. After all, they are essentially building on garbage and debris, which seems likely to shift and move as it settles."
Abstract This study assesses how accurately the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) can predict a student's suitability and capability for a particular job. The thesis of the study concerns student aptitude while attending the U.S. Air Force Jet Engine Technical Training School, but is designed to provide an important additional source of data on the level of effectiveness of selection and classification tests across all military services.
From the Paper "Historically, the demand for new enlisted recruits by the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force is virtually always high, and runs from about 250,000 young men and women a year during peacetime to several million during periods of mobilizations such as today (Dillon, 1997). The pool from which the military draws its new recruits is overwhelmingly young (generally ranging in age from 18 to the early 20s) and almost all have high school diplomas or GED equivalents; however, the majority of new recruits frequently arrive without any advanced education (i.e., college education) or much previous employment history. According to Zeidner (1986), the factors that have the most serious implications for the available recruitment pool include unemployment, growth, immigration, technology, occupational supply and demand, education and training, standard and nonstandard recruitment age groups, compensation and benefits, households and families, working conditions and attitudes, women in the labor force, migration patterns, and unionization."
This paper discusses how "green" cars are designed to reduce emissions, thereby lessening problems of ever-increasing air pollution, which causes asthma and lung cancer.
Abstract This paper explains that "green" cars are vehicles that drive just like any other vehicle, except they are at least 90% cleaner-burning than the standard vehicle on the road, thereby emitting a lower amount of pollutants into the air. The author points out that the most popular models, which are mass-produced on the market right now, are called 'hybrids' because these vehicles have hybrid motors that use a mix of a gasoline engine and electric motor with a large battery that keeps energy flowing to the electric motor with no need to "plug" it in to recharge; when the cars get to "cruising" speed, they switch to the electric motor, letting it do most of the work. The paper stresses the financial benefits, which add to the environmental and health reasons to buying a "green" car; the actual purchase price does not vary too much from the regular gas-burning model, and the savings annually in gas can be tremendous. Tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Current Quality of the Air We Breathe
Health Consequences of the Deteriorating Environment
Explaining the Need
Future Predictions of our Environmental Destruction
Identifying Those at Risk
"Green" Cars
What They Are
How These Vehicles Can Help "Clear the Air"
Financial Benefits from These Vehicles
Where Can They Be Found
Different Makes and Models Available
Concept Cars on the Way
Other Solutions
From the Paper "While companies like Honda and Toyota are more aggressively bringing hybrids to market, GM decided last year to focus its most advanced hybrid technology on its largest, least-fuel-efficient, high-volume vehicles models. It plans for them to reach showrooms in 2007. The Toyota Prius and Honda Civic Hybrids have been rated at averaging 60 miles per gallon, which has captured the attention of many producers, designers, engineers and consumers. This is encouraging because automakers are taking notice of the problems with our environment and actually coming up with ways to help fight for the cause."
Abstract This report evaluates three mobile phones: the Motorola A780, the Samsung SGH D500 and the Sony Ericsson K750i. The phones are evaluated according to price, battery life, memory capacity, weight and size. The report is prepared for the purpose of recommending the best mobile phone for the business trip of David & Sisters Corp.'s 20 head managers to the 2007 Tokyo IT Expo. The report concludes that the Samsung SGH D500 is the best choice for David & Sisters Corp. (DSC).
Memorandum of Transmittal
List of Tables
Executive Summary
Introduction
Purpose
Scope
Background
Methods of Investigation
Conclusion and Recommendation
Evaluation of Mobile Phones
Price
Battery Memory Capacity
Weight and Size
From the Paper "According to the latest analyst report, LCD's are to overtake tube TV's in 2009. LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display and is the newest technology at this moment. LCD TV's are getting increasingly popular as they are easier to watch, are significantly brighter and feature higher contrasts. David & Sisters Corp. is determined to be the first to introduce the latest LCD TV's primarily in Berlin, and to be able to satisfy the rising customer demand for this new technology as early as mid-2007. Therefore, DSC is sending 20 of its head managers to the 2007 Tokyo IT Expo which will revolve around the latest LCD TVs."
Abstract This paper presents in chronological order the study of lightning and how as new ideas would come about and be proven, other inventors would use that idea and take it into a new direction.
From the Paper "Lightning is a form of static electricity. When it is raining, raindrops can acquire extra electrons. These negatively charged raindrops seek out the positively charged ground. When these two charges connect, current flows through randomly placed areas of charged particles. This is what lightning is, and what gives it the jagged pattern (see diagram). Lightning has been on Earth longer than people have. Still we don?t know everything about it. We do know that lightning can take a variety of forms. The most common are forked, streak, ribbon, or bead lightning. All of these types are essentially the same with variations on atmospheric conditions. There is one type called ball lightning, but very little is known about this type. It is also known that lightning will travel from cloud to cloud, cloud to ground, and ground to cloud. Early studies done to find that lightning is electricity paved the way for several other important findings about electricity and how it behaves."
Abstract This paper examines the trial of O.J. Simpson for the murder of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman. The paper uses legal terms to define murder, examines the life of O.J. Simpson and his relationship with his wife, Nicole Brown. Using several books written by the major figures in the case, Marcia Clark, Robert Shapiro and Daniel Petrocelli the paper examines the evidence, standards set by both the defense and prosecution, as well as the actual conduct of the criminal trial in order illustrate why he was not found guilty. The civil suit brought against O.J. Simpson by the Brown family is also examined briefly.
From the Paper "The defense contended that all of this blood evidence was contaminated and/or planted by racists in the LAPD. (CNN.com) But even if Mark Fuhrman is a racist, this does not mean he planted evidence. And even if he did plant the alleged evidence, the fingerprint, this does not make the rest of the evidence pointing to Simpson go away. (Clark 482) The police had no access to Simpson's blood to plant. "This was preposterous" All of the blood was observed by investigators before Simpson returned to Chicago. As far as the glove was concerned, not one of the many officers at the crime scene ever saw a second glove there. Hence, there was no second glove to pick up and plant.? Not is there any evidence that anything happened to ruin the blood during the police's procedures for collecting and testing it."
Abstract This paper deals with public outcry against certain country music songs dealing with domestic abuse, namely, "Goodbye Earl" by the Dixie Chicks. It asserts that the public's outrage over the song, rather than the topic the song examines, is a result of socially sanctioned gender roles as well as a misunderstanding of the phenomenon of spousal abuse.
From the Paper "Troubled relationships have long been a focus of popular music. From break-ups and resultant depression to serious battery and final retribution, popular music has served as a constant commentary on human beings and their failed attempts at romantic relationships. While most singers and songwriters tend to focus on the more accessible topic of painful separations when looking at failed relationships, many have also taken a close look at the darker side of these relationships, when love transforms into violence. Before the 1960s, most songs dealing with the subject of domestic violence focused only on the abuse and, in some cases, the eventual death of the female partner. It wasn't until the sexual revolution that songs about domestic violence began to be sung from the perspective of the abused."
