Abstract
The paper relates that a recent interest in alternative energy sources has led to an increase in wind power in the United States and in the European Union. The paper discusses how results from environmentalists and energy suppliers have been positive for the most part, however, some scientists have noted that the large wind turbines are killing--and possibly even attracting--bats and other wildlife. The paper posits that while this may seem like a minor issue in terms of the greater energy crisis, bats are a "keystone" species responsible for plant dispersion and pest control and serious environmental problems will occur if bats' numbers are seriously dropped.

From the Paper
"A recent interest in alternative energy sources has led to an increase in wind power in the Untied States and in the European Union. Results from environmentalists and energy suppliers have been positive for the most part. However, some scientists have noted that the large wind turbines are killing--and possibly even attracting--bats and other wildlife. While this may seem like a minor issue in terms of the greater energy crisis, bats are a "keystone" species responsible for plant dispersion and pest control. Serious environmental problems will occur if bats numbers seriously dropped. Many options exist for mitigating risk for new wind..."

Tags:bats, wind, power

Abstract
This paper identifies the key principles of echo-location in various species of bats. The author defines echo-location and presents research, which supports the echo-location process. The paper relates that echolocation is a successful behavioral adaptation of bat species.

From the Paper
"Animals utilize a wide variety of behavioral tactics in order to achieve their desired objectives. Animals that seek food, shelter, to reproduce, or to seek refuge from their predators are required to behave in specific ways and to use the resources that are available to them. There are a number of behavioral modifications that animals may exercise as a means of adapting to their surroundings, and bats are no exception to this rule. Bats are unique creatures for a variety of reasons, and their environment enables them to adjust their behavior accordingly. One such bat behavior that is of further interest is echolocation, which is addressed in the following detailed analysis. Echo-location is a means by which bats use their senses to identify with their surroundings, to communicate, to find food, and to protect themselves from a variety of predators."

Tags:echolocation, bats, species

Abstract
This paper traces the evolution of the baseball bat. It looks at the different types of bats made, the material from which they are constructed, the effectiveness of the bats, generally noted advantages and disadvantages of the different bat types ,and safety issues regarding bat types. The paper ends with a brief summary of the features that the different bats have in common.

From the Paper
"Baseball bats today come in many different varieties, from the standard $20 wooden bat to a state-of-the-art, $300 aluminum model (Sports-werd.com, 2002). Each type of bat has its own advantages and disadvantages, and each has a unique feel and sound. On both the college level and professional levels of baseball, the types of bats allowed vary in material. Yet, while the baseball bats may differ, there are still many similarities that make both aluminum and wooden bats comparable in the world of baseball."

Tags:wooden, aluminum, the, louisville, slugger, titanium, barry, bonds, swing, pitch, recoil, force

Abstract
This paper deals with the two different kinds of sonar techniques employed by bats throughout the world. The author further discusses bats that don't use echolocation at all. The author then examines the conflicting studies that have been done on this biological phenomenon and explains how the process works.

From the Paper
"Burton (1982) states that the majority of the Microchiroptera utilize FM based echolocation. In this type of echolocation the pulses of sound, or calls, last no longer than a few thousandths of a second and drop through nearly an octave. The few species that do not use FM echolocation utilize the CF based echolocation. With CF echolocation the calls last up to ten times longer than those of the bats that use the FM method, explains Burton. "

Tags:cf, constant, doppler, fm, frequency, guano, megachiroptera, micropchiroptera, modulation, shift

Abstract
The paper discusses how wind turbines are possibly attracting and killing bats and other wildlife. The paper relates that bats are a "keystone" species responsible for plant dispersion and pest control and serious environmental problems will result if bats die out. Since wind energy is of vital importance, the paper maintains that more research needs to be done to discover ways to avoid bat death on wind farms.

From the Paper
"Energy is a "hot button" issue in politics and in the news. Finding new ways to produce energy domestically, and free of additional pollution sources like coal, is important to people and governments around the world. Wind power offers cleaner energy production than coal and many other methods, and is less controversial than nuclear power (Williams, 20). Wind power has already proven a successful source of alternative power in the European Union. As a result, new wind farms have been built in a number of United States locations, including New York state, California, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia (Whittelsey 39). The new wind farms have been lauded as an answer to the call for cleaner energy. However, the one downside cited by environmental impact studies is that migrating bats and birds are regularly killed by the wind farm turbines(Whittelsey, 39). These animal deaths seem to happen at wind farms in all areas of the country."

Tags:environment, alternative, energy

Abstract
The paper discusses how the question "Could God know what it is like to be a bat?" is a seemingly factitious question that addresses a number of complex philosophical issues related to consciousness and its conceptualization. This essay explores this question, arguing the thesis that God could not know what it is like to be a bat, for this would require as a precondition the capacity of God to access the direct experience of the bat, which would necessarily require God to be a bat and not, in fact, God.

From the Paper
"The question "Could God know what it is like to be a bat?" is a seemingly factitious question that addresses a number of complex philosophical issues related to consciousness and its conceptualization. This essay will explore this question, arguing the thesis that God could not know what it is like to be a bat, for this would require as a precondition the capacity of God to access the direct experience of the bat, which would necessarily require God to be a bat and not, in fact, God. In addressing this question, given that the introduction of a deity into the debate brings with it a range of variables that would not be present..."

Tags:god, bat, mind

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses various issues that arise in Thomas Nagel's essay 'What Is It Like to Be a Bat?'

From the Paper
"Nagel believes that it is hard to know what it is like to be a bat because bats like every other conscious species possess a subjective character of experience. He defines this terminology broadly. No matter how the form may vary the fact that an organism has conscious experience at all means basically that there is something that it is like to be that organism. In other words bats have an essential quality that has a basis ..."

Tags:Thomas Nagel, What is it like to be a bat, Descartes, theory of mind, reductionism, physicalism

Abstract
The paper reveals that climatic conditions such as temperature, wind and humidity as well as atmospheric pressures and altitudes can affect the distance of a hit baseball. The paper offers real life examples that explain the physical impact of weather conditions on the baseball and discusses how these conditions affect the flight of the batted baseball. The paper reaches the conclusion that the climate definitely has a direct effect on the flight of the ball.

From the Paper
"Climatic conditions such as temperature, wind and humidity as well as atmospheric pressures and altitudes can affect the distance of a hit baseball which can be a determining factor in a game that's won or lost. The laws of physics determine how the air will move, how warm it will be and whether it is dry or damp.
"The physics of the flight of the batted ball are complex, according to research and the formulas that go into the calculation of possible effects on the flight of the ball. However, we can boil down the climate conditions that affect the baseball to very specific elements: namely, altitude, humidity, and wind. The effects of these climatic elements impose a specific effect on the ball once it is batted that affects its trajectory."

Tags:temperature, wind, humidity, atmospheric, pressures, altitudes

Abstract
Subjective character of experience, to Nagel, is related to the existence of consciousness. As he states, "the fact that an organism has conscious at all means, basically, that there is something it is like to be that organism" (436). In being and having consciousness we have a perspective on the world around us, but as each of us has a different interaction with that world, our viewpoint is coloured by the conceptualization we adopt to adapt within the circumstances with which we are faced.

From the Paper
Nagel: What is it like to be a bat? The subjective character of experience is the conceptualization of perception, which can, according to Nagel, only be associated with a single point of view. It is impossible, because all perceptions of reality are unique to individuals, for one person to conceive of the viewpoint or the experiences of other people. Subjective character of experience, to Nagel, is related to the existence of consciousness. As he states, "the fact that an organism has conscious at all means, basically, that there is something it is like to be that organism" (436). In being and having consciousness we have a perspective

Tags:nagel, philosophy, subjective

From the Paper
"The Dhimmi, Two Views

"Dhimmi" is a term applied to someone who lives in a Muslim society without being a Muslim (principally Jews and Christians). This paper compares and contrasts two books on the subject of the dhimmi--The Jews of Islam by Bernard Lewis and The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam by Bat Ye'or. This comparison and contrast centers on four points: (1) ways in which the authors express their views, (2) the subjects the authors choose to write about, (3) differences in subject matter, and (4) individual point of view.

As both works have a scholarly tone, neither one reveals particular emotions or views regarding the subject matter. Both are objective and factual, letting the ideas, facts, and interpretations speak for themselves. The formats and styles are ..."