Abstract
This paper explains that the first known bathtub was found in Greece in the great palace of Knossos and included impressive technologies that provided water for the tub, including a system of interlocking terra-cotta pipes. The author believes that the function of the bathroom needs to be pushed to a new extreme, allowing people, spaces, and domestic functions new potentials for hybrid activities. The paper relates that a complete home plumbing system requires three distinct networks of pipes: water supply lines, which carry water under pressure; a network of drain pipes, which works entirely by gravity; and a network of pipes, which serves to maintain equal air pressure throughout the drainpipe so that the flow proceeds without interference.

Table of Contents
Introduction
History of Bathing
Evolution of Sanitation
History of Water Closets
Environmental Aspects
Public Health Aspects
Basic Components of Modern Bathrooms
Toilet or Flush
Sinks
Tubs and Showers
Storage
Ventilation
Natural Lighting
Special Effects with Plants
Appropriate Plants for the Bath
Hydroponics
Spirituality
Landscape of Bathing and Relaxing
Metroscape
Artificial versus Real
The New Landscape in Metro Area
Water Supply Service
Purification
Boosting by Pump
Boosting by Pressure Cylinder Water Pump
Drainage
Vents and Traps
The Ideal Living, the Bathroom in New Product Design Context
The Future of the Bathroom Is Here

From the Paper
"In fact, until the mid-nineteenth century, streets were used as refuse dumping grounds, domestic animals roamed the streets and rodents ran rampant. Cesspools were located near houses and buildings, reeking and spreading germs. The Industrial Revolution and discoveries such as the germ theory brought about major changes in approach, raising the standard of living and ending serious epidemics. By 1900, improved nutrition, better sanitation, and, especially, contributions from bacteriologists increased life expectancy at birth by almost six years to age 47.3."

Tags:ergonomic, sewage, decor, bathtub, toilets

Abstract
The paper looks at toilet training from historical, social, developmental and health perspectives. The paper analyzes the role that the child plays (mentally and developmentally), the parents play (their world-views and influence) and the primary care physicians play (advice, proper medication). The paper further examines what may occur if toilet training is a positive experience for the child (self-image), and what may occur if it is negative (constipation, lack of control, painful bowel movements). The writer shows the importance of carefully implemented toilet training.

From the Paper
"Toilet training may never seem to be a negative experience; after all, few adults can fully recall their own encounters with this event. However, it can be an important milestone in the life of a child, especially in the autonomy of a toddler. If the experience is a positive one, the child learns self-control, effective bladder and bowel management, and gains a sense of achievement. If the experience is a negative one, the child may feel a loss of control, fear of toileting, and experience constipation, encopresis or enuresis. While each child will learn to be potty trained at distinctive ages and through various methods, it is important that the parents and primary care physicians be vigilant in understanding the child's various needs through the toilet training process."

Tags:toilet, training, importance

Abstract
This paper discusses the age that is appropriate for toilet training and some of the methods recommended to be used, noting that toilet training at a certain age is most often a function of social pressures. The paper contends that society therefore requires the child to learn voluntary control of bladder and bowel in order to void at an acceptable time and place.

From the Paper
"There are also ongoing discussions about such related topics as what would be the appropriate age range for toilet training and what are some developmentally appropriate guidelines for successful toilet training. The literature on the subject shows a number of answers to these questions and suggests that the issues may not be settled as yet. Before toilet training, research shows that there are developmental stags through which the child passes in developing increased control over certain bodily functions. Toilet training requires a certain degree of development because the child is otherwise simply unable to learn and respond as the parent will wish. Watson (1959) writes that the child at four weeks tends to have three or four bowel movements in a 24 hour period and that the child may now cry when his diaper is wet ..."

Tags:toilet, training, methods

Abstract
The paper discusses the writer's beliefs that he/she does not believe that there is a specific age at which young children should be indoctrinated with the toilet training process. The writer continues that there is most certainly a range that needs to be considered by parents and child care professionals in order to maximize the effectiveness of toilet training. The writer argues that parents especially need to be cognizant of the exact moment to begin this training as early as eighteen months, but certainly no later than twenty-four months.

From the Paper
"Determining the correct age to begin toilet training can be an exceptional point of consternation for the new parent - or even the seasoned parent whose subsequent children do not fit the developmental mold of earlier children. Even tracing the literature back as far as Freud, we can see that that particular psychologist did not feel that toilet training was a natural process. Consequently, Freud felt that incorrect application of this process possessed a high potential for developmental trauma (Miserandino, 1994). Though I do not believe that there is a specific age at which young children should be indoctrinated with the toilet training process, there is most certainly a range that needs to be considered by parents and child care professionals in order to maximize the effectiveness of toilet training."

Tags:toilet, training, development

Abstract
The paper provides a SWOT analysis of the toilet tissue market and presents Porter's five forces analysis of moist toilet tissue. The paper describes the target market and looks at the industry or societal trends that affect the company's customers. The paper includes figures, a table and a proforma PowerPoint presentation that presents a brief history of toilet paper and its evolution to its modern form that is used by consumers in many Western nations.

Outline:
Part I: Executive Summary
Part II: Industry Analysis
Part III: Product and Corresponding Target Market

From the Paper
"Moist toilet tissue has been marketed in the United States since 1988 where it was initially positioned as a product that was suitable for so-called "problem" conditions (Antonides and Van Raaij 1999). Since that time, a number of comparable products have entered the marketplace. Such problem conditions targeted by this product can range from mothers with young children who are being potty trained to the elderly who may suffer from various age-related conditions that involve incontinence as well as to virtually anyone who is compelled to use a public restroom which may lack a supply of toilet tissue."

Tags:target, market, customers, deoderant, alcohol, water

Abstract
This paper discusses how certain inventions have totally revolutionized the way humans function. The basic invention of the flushing toilet is discussed, while looking at its history and development.

From the Paper
"There are many views on the history of the flushing toilet. Various records that show ?the invention of the flush toilet goes at least back to the time of King Minos on the Island of Crete sometime around 1700 BC. "The Sea Kings of Crete were renowned for their extravagant bathrooms, running hot and cold water systems, and fountains constructed with fabulous jewels and workings of gold and silver" (Privy 5). Some of the first latrines included a fully enclosed closets with hollowed chairs for privacy in common areas."

Tags:lavotary, waste, sanitation

Abstract
This paper describes the opulent details of Francois Boucher's painting "The Toilet of Venus", which reflect the overindulgence which was so characteristic of the decades before the French Revolution. Next, the author explains that some of the aspects of this painting are reminiscent of Renaissance paintings; however, the partial landscape and the complexities of color, shadow and texture are associated with the art of the eighteenth century. The paper contends that the most prominent facet of the painting is Boucher's use of color.

From the Paper
"The painter mainly employs linear perspective, though due to the proximity of the viewer to the piece it is hard to tell. Boucher seems to almost purposefully have avoided any use of parallel lines, which makes linear perspective difficult--if not impossible--to perceive. Atmospheric perspective tends to bend the scene together, however, ending equal focus to each constitutive element in the painting, and this does not appear to be the case here. There is the suggestion of atmosphere brought in by the bit of landscape, and in the way that the figures--and Venus especially--seem almost to be a part of the bed."

Tags:cherub color, linear perspective, vanity naturalism

Abstract
This paper explains that Diego Velazquez's "Toilet of Venus", popularly known as "The Rokeby Venus", created a great deal of controversy in the early 20th century. The author points out that, while the artist himself was inspired to create this artwork based on socially acceptable views of women at the time and while it could be featured today in any reputable museum without causing so much as a blink by even the most conservative audience, these perceptions tend to change over time. The paper relates that the gender construction developed by this work of art was deemed sufficiently exploitative that military female activists, known as suffragettes, targeted it for destruction because of its lurid portrayal of the nude female form and its suggestive qualities. The paper includes a picture of the painting and several long quotations, many of which are embedded in the text.

Table of Contents
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview.
Historical Setting and Social Transitions.
Treatment of Gender Construction in Valezquez's "The Rokeby Venus."
Figure 1. Velazquez, "The Rokeby Venus".
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to Bartley (2003), the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was founded by Emmeline Pankhurst, her daughters and some friends to campaign for votes for women. ... The suffragettes as the WSPU members were called, engaged in a wide range of activities that targeted existing gender disparities, including chaining themselves to railings, writing "Votes for Women" with acid on golf courses that were all-male, disrupted the postal service, verbally and physically attacked members of parliament, put graffiti on government buildings and even church walls and broke windows as well as attacking specific works of art in public galleries and burnt down buildings."

Tags:suffragettes, nude, exploitative, destruction

From the Paper
"Designing and remodeling bathrooms can be accomplished in a variety of ways for a variety of prices, from the high end which can cost many tens of thousands of dollars to the low end which can be accomplished for a few dollars. The three major components of the bathroom design are the bath, the sink, and the toilet. In addition to these, there are various accoutrements which complement the larger elements and which enhance the decoration. However, these objects themselves may be made from a variety of different materials of varying costs, from custom-made products at the high end to mass-produced products at the low end.

There are certain requirements of bathroom design which apply no matter what specific materials are being used, and these design principles help the designer achieve the overall.."

Abstract
This paper compares the portraits of Boucher's painting "Reclining Girl" to Watteau's "A Lady at Her Toilet".