Abstract This paper discusses production orientation, product orientation, selling orientation and marketing orientation, including when it is appropriate to use each of these depending on the product life cycle, competition and the economic environment.
From the Paper "The market orientation that a firm adopts varies depending on the product life cycle the level of competition within the market and external factors such as the economic environment. Companies are likely to modify their market ..."
Abstract This paper examines the study of Orientalism and defines it by looking through the viewpoint of the west and the west's relationship with the east. It looks at the emergence of the Orient as a term in the 19th century, which would be called the lands around the southern Mediterranean Sea. The paper provides a history of the relationship the west has had with the Orient. It describes the arts and crafts of the Orient which came to the west through trade and the crusades. The author writes that throughout the history, the Orientalists have been stereotyped in the role of a dark, a mysterious, an alien, the bizarre and the threat, by the Western world.
From the Paper "Ever since the scholars such as Edward Said have started to work on the subject of Orientalism, the philosophical emphasis of the Western World has been closely scrutinizing the regions, cultures, norms, peoples and systems that represented the term 'Orient'. The study of the issue of Orientalism is important in a sense because it has deeply influenced the Western perceptions about the East. The main reason for which studying the issue of Orientalism is important is that the interaction between the Orient and Europe influenced the travel, trade, crusades, missionary activity and cultural exchange between the empires which later lead to the age of European expansion and colonization. It is also important to note that the interaction between the Orient and Europe significantly changed the meaning of the East. "
Abstract "Orientalism" centers on the study of Near and Far Eastern society and culture, including most of Asia and the Middle East, typically through the expression of art, by the Western world. The term "Orientalism" is becoming outmoded due to the debate of whether or not Orientalist artists' works were simply a portrayal of the Near and Far Eastern society at the time, or a prejudiced stereotypical portrayal that had a negative impact on both societies. This latter belief was most famously articulated by Edward Said, in his various works, but most notably his book "Orientalism". It is these two divergent critical analyses that this paper focuses upon.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Edward Said's Analysis of Orientalism Proponents of Orientalism Conclusion
References
From the Paper "In fact, Said (1979) believed that the crucial turning point in history was Napolean's conquest of Egypt. Warraq (2002), on the other hand, notes that Egypt was not simply a passive victim of Western rapacity. The French were forced out of the country in less than four years. During their occupation, the French were highly sensitive to Muslim opinion, as opposed to being oppressive, or viewing them as "other". In fact, General J.F. Baron de Menou had converted to Islam and had enacted a variety of measures to conciliate the Muslims."
Abstract This paper reviews a source on Orientalism. The paper reviews the major themes of West and Oriental thought and how the definition of the Orient by the West helped to permanently schism the Orient into its existing socio-cultural context and the imposed socio-cultural context.
From the Paper "There was no bibliographical data attached to this paper. All citations come from a source sent in by the client. I'm pretty sure it is Edward Said's "Orientalism." A Review of Orientalism and Postcolonialism Thus far, the study of sociology and theology suggests that the culture that does the reviewing attaches its own beliefs onto the culture that is being reviewed, but the current text suggests that this process helps define precedence for imposing certain outcomes and directives on the reviewed culture. The author begins in reviewing the treatment that Balfour had towards the British colonies of Egypt, in that he perceived England as needing - indeed, obligated - to impose rule upon those within Egypt as what might actually be deemed a form of charity, or at the very least a civil service offered by Britain to its struggling neighbors. "The argument, when reduced o its simplest form, was clear, it was precise, it was easy to grasp. "
A reflection on Orientalism and how it has always been portrayed in a negative light with very little recognition of the positive aspects of Orientalism.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, 2006, $ 26.95
Abstract What is Orientalism? How does the past and future differ? What are the important elements of Orientalism? This is a report on the postmodern future with the theme focusing on how Orientalism demonstrates a consistent character throughout history with different elements such as stylistic moments, diversity of opinions, and different fashions, and emphasis on art. This consistent theme is negative. Most of the elements that portray Orientalism are not positive. It is either shown with negative comments about the warriors or it portrays the negative side of communism.
From the Paper "While it is important to reflect how Japan, China, communism, globalization and entertainment have affected Orientalism; it has been done negatively with little of the positive elements of Orientalism shown. While artwork should show positive elements of the Oriental people through the eight stylistic periods including the Classic Orientalism, The Expanding East, The Ancient East, The Gerome Paradigm..."
Abstract This paper explains that, in studying the contemporary politics of the Middle East, Edward Said's scholarly assessment of Orientalism is of vital importance. The author points out that Said persuasively argues that Orientalism helped to promote an idealized but pro-European self-image, which produced a false understanding in the West of Arabs and Islamic culture,and has never been an objective, impartial or legitimate field. The paper relates that, in reality, Orientalism was established and perpetuated as a means of achieving Western political goals.
From the Paper "In studying the contemporary politics of the Middle East, Edward Said's scholarly assessment of Orientalism is of vital importance, for he persuasively argues that Orientalism helped to promote an idealized but pro-European self-image, that it produced a false understanding in the West of Arabs and Islamic culture, and that it has never been an objective, impartial, or legitimate field. In reality, Orientalism was established and perpetuated as a means of achieving Western political goals. In his intriguing book, Orientalism, Edward Said thoroughly examines the origins, history, and consequences of Orientalism and explains the manner in which Orientalism represents "the distinction between Western superiority and Oriental inferiority.""
Abstract The political concept of "Orientalism" is discussed in this essay, and is examined in connection to historical contexts of 19th century Europe. This essay considers how "Orientalism" enables white Europeans to perceive themselves racially and culturally superior, and to render Asian and Middle-Eastern cultures as exotic, and as a commodity that can be consumed. The ideal of exotic Asians persists today in the form of the Asian sex-trades, and in this essay the role of sex, sexuality, and difference is critically analysed in relation to theory-work by Edward Said, and other cultural critics.
Abstract This paper discusses the determinants of sexual orientation. The paper defines the sexual orientation categories of homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual, and discusses some of the complex issues surrounding these labels.
From the Paper "According to Emily Cameron in "New Moon", some girls like boys, some girls like girls, and some girls just like people without worrying whether they're girls or boys. Whom you like romantically is called sexual orientation. It's usually divided neatly into groups of homosexuals being attracted only to people of the same sex, bisexuals being attracted to both sexes and heterosexuals being attracted only to people of the opposite sex. In reality the issue is more complex than these labels..."
Tags: sexual orientation, determinants, homosexuality, heterosexuality
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the book 'Orientalism' by Edward Said. The writer takes ideas from this book and applies them to current situations. The writer uses these ideas in particular with relation to the Middle East and to the situation in Iraq.
From the Paper "Professor Edward Said is a Palestinian Arab. His book' Orientalism' was written over twenty-five years ago but may be more relevant today than it was when it was first published. The United States and its allies went to war against Iraq under the senior President Bush. America is again at war under President George W. Bush. One wonders if administration policymakers had read and understood Edward Said's book, whether America and its current coalition would still have decided to invade Iraq. The mistakes the coalition forces have ... "
Tags:Orientalism, west, east, arab, christian, perspective, politics, invasion, Iraq
Abstract This paper considers the meaning of Orientalism and how it is manifested as the way the East is represented and viewed by the West. The paper analyzes academia and popular presentations such as books, films, and the like. The paper uses the film "The Last Samurai" to show how a new idea of the nobility of Asians only serves as a reason for a different sort of reification of both Asians and Westerners with new stereotypes.
From the Paper "Asians are labeled with a number of stereotypical ideas and images, from the old idea of the "yellow peril" endangering the Western way of life to the new image of the mathematical and scientific scholar taking university positions away from Western students. These images began with the first wave of immigrants from Asia and continue in some degree to this day. These ideas also infuse popular culture and shape many dramatic presentations, such as the film The Last Samurai (Edward Zwick, 2003), in which the filmmakers bend over backwards to elevate the Asians while downgrading the Westerners and so present simply a different version of the old simplistic approach."
Abstract This paper discusses Community Oriented Policing (COP), a program based on the view that emphasis should be placed on prevention of crime through a program placing the police and the community in closer contact and making them partners in achieving a reduction in crime. It explains that the approach has gone by several different names but is based largely on a proactive view of the role of the police and on making the police more a part of the community and less a last refuge for victims after a crime has been committed.
From the Paper "Community Oriented Policing (COP) is a developing paradigm for law enforcement that places an emphasis on prevention of crime through a program placing the police and the community in closer contact and making them partners in achieving a reduction in crime. The approach has gone by several different names but is based largely on a proactive view of the role of the police and on making the police more a part of the community and less a last refuge for victims after a crime has been committed. This approach started as Community-Based Policing (which did not lend itself to the sort of descriptive acronym that COP does). Kenney and McNamara (1999) state, "Community-oriented policing . . . emphasizes improved police-community relations in hopes that that will assist in solving many problems in particular neighborhoods" (p. viii). The idea of community-oriented policing has been applied in different ways in ..."
This paper compares, contrasts, and analyzes Edward Said's "Orientalism" and Tram Nguyen's "We Are All Suspects Now: Untold Stories from Immigrant Communities After 9/11".
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 7 sources, 2006, $ 89.95
Abstract This paper discusses Edward Said's "Orientalism" and Tram Nguyen's "We Are All Suspects Now: Untold Stories from Immigrant Communities After 911" and what these books say about post 9/11 views of non-Caucasians in America. The paper examines Said's emphasis on the 'other' in Western notions of the Muslim world, Semitic societies, Arabs, and the demonization of non-American sentiment. The paper also
discusses Tram Nguyen's report on the treatment of non-Caucasians in America since the attacks of September 11, 2001.
Abstract This paper discusses how the authors of this article identify six steps that organizations can take to make the process of change from mass and batch-production to flow production smoothly. It provides step by step guidelines and helps the reader get a realistic view of the actual conditions that managers and change agents face when undertaking the conversion process.
From the Paper "The article "From Batch to Flow in Six Moves" was selected for critiquing. (McClure, Aft, & Schmeidler, 2003) Lean manufacturing is becoming very important and critical for the success of organization in a global environment. In the past, mass and batch-production were the norm for manufacturing and production organizations. In recent times, however, the lead times have reduced. Companies not sensitive to the market demand slowly fade away. Process and operations management has become the lifeline and support for organizations. They ensure that organizations are competitive on price, quality and delivery time. Years of mass and batch-production have made organizations resist the changeover to flow production. The idea of balancing flow (and not the capacity) throughout the plant is considered the starting point for implementation of the Optimized Production Technology (OPT) program proposed by the Dr. Goldratt."
Abstract This paper explains that computer clustering involves the use of multiple computers, typically personal computers (PCs) or UNIX workstations, multiple storage devices, and redundant interconnections, to form what appears to users as a single integrated system. This paper points out that, despite some challenges, such as achieving transparency, mitigating network latency, and the split-brain problem, clustering has proven to be a huge success for bringing scale and availability to computing applications. The paper relates that, just as clustering has reduced the importance of supercomputers for parallel processing, clusters are making the mainframe less relevant for batch applications.
From the Paper "Parallel processing is the processing of program instructions by dividing them among multiple processors with the objective of running a program in less time. Parallel processing is normally applied for rendering and high computational based applications. Rather than using expensive specialized supercomputers for parallel processing, implementers have begun using a large cluster of small, commodity servers. Each server runs its own operating system, to take a number of jobs, process them, and send the output to the primary system. Clusters provide the ability to handle a large task in small bits, or lots and lots of small tasks across an entire cluster, making an entire system more affordable and more scalable."
Abstract The writer of this paper defines the term Orientalism, which comes from the Latin word oriens, as the rising sun, which generally implies, 'the East.' This paper focuses on the culture, religion, art and history of Orientalism. This paper explores the European view of Islam throughout history. The writer explains that during the birth of Christianity and Islam there was a distinct difference between European Christian cultures and those of East and North Africa, which are detailed at length in this paper. During the Middle Ages the European Christians denounced the Islamic people as the enemies of Christendom, due to their lack of knowledge of Eastern culture. This paper discusses how the Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century viewed the Eastern culture as being superior to that of the Christian west. This paper illustrates that Islamic societies were praised for their religious tolerance when compared with Christian west. This paper also delves into those who opposed the Orientalist culture, such as James Mill, who believed that Eastern civilizations were stagnant and corrupt and Karl Marx who believed that Eastern methods of production were static. Christian evangelists further maligned Eastern traditions as superstitious nonsense. This paper also examines the rich artistic history of the Oriental culture. Depictions of Islamic Moors were found in Medieval and Renaissance art, but it wasn't until the 19th century that Orientalism became recognized in the arts. This paper also details the outspoken views and opinions of political activist and author Edward Said.
Table of Contents:
Definition of Orientalism History of Orientalism Orientalism in the Arts
History of Orientalism in the Arts
Edward Said and Orientalism References
From the Paper "Photography was still in its infancy and did not allow for the capture of the sunlight, the colors and the mood in which a painter could. With the iconoclastic nature of Islam, and the forbidding of the depiction of the prophet Muhammad, there was little representational art in Islam. Most of their artwork was centered on pattern and design. For this reason, the Muslim world had very little visual record of their history, including the people and the cities that existed prior to modern photography. Today, still, the best visual record of exotic cities like Cairo or Damascus, prior to the advent of modern photography, exists in 19th century paintings by Europeans and Americans. In the mid to late 19th century, painters from every country in Europe and from across the oceans in America, came to the East."
