Abstract
This paper discusses various religion's traditional rites of passage for girls to womanhood. The paper explores the significance of Quinceanera in relation to the three other rite of passage ceremonies practiced: Confirmation, Bat Mitzvah and Female Castration. These ceremonies are outlined and are explained as all being a part of the modern world and all marking the change in a young girl's life to that of a woman.

From the Paper
"Virtually all cultures throughout human history have maintained a tradition of rites of passage by which life is divided into sections / stages. Traditionally, there are three primary stages that are celebrated in an individual's life in most of these cultures: birth, puberty, and death. Cultures, nations, religions, and regions all maintain norms of rites of passage that though follow the same biological patterns, are somewhat different in their intent. Women's rites of passage are of significant importance throughout much of the world and are at their most significant when celebrating the rite of passage from girlhood to womanhood."

Tags:quinceanera, confirmation, bat-mitzvah, female, castration

Abstract
Quinceanera, Confirmation, Bat Mitzvah and Female Castration ceremonies are all part of the modern world and all mark the change in a young girl's life to that of a woman. A Quinceanera is the celebration of a girls fifteenth birthday. Once the spiritual ceremony is over the girl moves on to the social part of the Quinceanera. At the age of fifteen the girl is no longer a child. At the age of 12 girls become obligated to observe the commandments. The ceremony marks the time in a girl's life when she is ready for womanhood and marriage. For girls, these rites have traditionally prepared them for marriage and sexual activity (childbearing) within the marriage context.

Tags:quinceanera, other, rites

From the Paper
The purpose of this research is to examine the history and development of the Bar Mitzvah, a traditional, yet continuously evolving, ceremony of contemporary Jewish life. Representation, perhaps, of such evolution is found in Hayyim Schauss' definitive 1938 work, "The Jewish Festivals, from their beginnings to our own day," when he spells the term, Bar Mitsvoh. This research will also concern itself with the religious, or philosophic, importance of the ceremony as well as noting some of the differences in observance among Orthodox, Reform and Conservative factions.

By current standards of communicative effectiveness, the term "Bar Mitzvah" might be defined as a password. Most stand-up comics working Miami and/or the Catskills understand that a special rapport can be achieved with a Bar Mitzvah joke."

Abstract
The paper discusses how wind turbines are possibly attracting and killing bats and other wildlife. The paper relates that bats are a "keystone" species responsible for plant dispersion and pest control and serious environmental problems will result if bats die out. Since wind energy is of vital importance, the paper maintains that more research needs to be done to discover ways to avoid bat death on wind farms.

From the Paper
"Energy is a "hot button" issue in politics and in the news. Finding new ways to produce energy domestically, and free of additional pollution sources like coal, is important to people and governments around the world. Wind power offers cleaner energy production than coal and many other methods, and is less controversial than nuclear power (Williams, 20). Wind power has already proven a successful source of alternative power in the European Union. As a result, new wind farms have been built in a number of United States locations, including New York state, California, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia (Whittelsey 39). The new wind farms have been lauded as an answer to the call for cleaner energy. However, the one downside cited by environmental impact studies is that migrating bats and birds are regularly killed by the wind farm turbines(Whittelsey, 39). These animal deaths seem to happen at wind farms in all areas of the country."

Tags:environment, alternative, energy

Abstract
This paper identifies the key principles of echo-location in various species of bats. The author defines echo-location and presents research, which supports the echo-location process. The paper relates that echolocation is a successful behavioral adaptation of bat species.

From the Paper
"Animals utilize a wide variety of behavioral tactics in order to achieve their desired objectives. Animals that seek food, shelter, to reproduce, or to seek refuge from their predators are required to behave in specific ways and to use the resources that are available to them. There are a number of behavioral modifications that animals may exercise as a means of adapting to their surroundings, and bats are no exception to this rule. Bats are unique creatures for a variety of reasons, and their environment enables them to adjust their behavior accordingly. One such bat behavior that is of further interest is echolocation, which is addressed in the following detailed analysis. Echo-location is a means by which bats use their senses to identify with their surroundings, to communicate, to find food, and to protect themselves from a variety of predators."

Tags:echolocation, bats, species

Abstract
This paper traces the evolution of the baseball bat. It looks at the different types of bats made, the material from which they are constructed, the effectiveness of the bats, generally noted advantages and disadvantages of the different bat types ,and safety issues regarding bat types. The paper ends with a brief summary of the features that the different bats have in common.

From the Paper
"Baseball bats today come in many different varieties, from the standard $20 wooden bat to a state-of-the-art, $300 aluminum model (Sports-werd.com, 2002). Each type of bat has its own advantages and disadvantages, and each has a unique feel and sound. On both the college level and professional levels of baseball, the types of bats allowed vary in material. Yet, while the baseball bats may differ, there are still many similarities that make both aluminum and wooden bats comparable in the world of baseball."

Tags:wooden, aluminum, the, louisville, slugger, titanium, barry, bonds, swing, pitch, recoil, force

Abstract
Subjective character of experience, to Nagel, is related to the existence of consciousness. As he states, "the fact that an organism has conscious at all means, basically, that there is something it is like to be that organism" (436). In being and having consciousness we have a perspective on the world around us, but as each of us has a different interaction with that world, our viewpoint is coloured by the conceptualization we adopt to adapt within the circumstances with which we are faced.

From the Paper
Nagel: What is it like to be a bat? The subjective character of experience is the conceptualization of perception, which can, according to Nagel, only be associated with a single point of view. It is impossible, because all perceptions of reality are unique to individuals, for one person to conceive of the viewpoint or the experiences of other people. Subjective character of experience, to Nagel, is related to the existence of consciousness. As he states, "the fact that an organism has conscious at all means, basically, that there is something it is like to be that organism" (436). In being and having consciousness we have a perspective

Tags:nagel, philosophy, subjective

From the Paper
"The Dhimmi, Two Views

"Dhimmi" is a term applied to someone who lives in a Muslim society without being a Muslim (principally Jews and Christians). This paper compares and contrasts two books on the subject of the dhimmi--The Jews of Islam by Bernard Lewis and The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam by Bat Ye'or. This comparison and contrast centers on four points: (1) ways in which the authors express their views, (2) the subjects the authors choose to write about, (3) differences in subject matter, and (4) individual point of view.

As both works have a scholarly tone, neither one reveals particular emotions or views regarding the subject matter. Both are objective and factual, letting the ideas, facts, and interpretations speak for themselves. The formats and styles are ..."

Abstract
The paper relates that a recent interest in alternative energy sources has led to an increase in wind power in the United States and in the European Union. The paper discusses how results from environmentalists and energy suppliers have been positive for the most part, however, some scientists have noted that the large wind turbines are killing--and possibly even attracting--bats and other wildlife. The paper posits that while this may seem like a minor issue in terms of the greater energy crisis, bats are a "keystone" species responsible for plant dispersion and pest control and serious environmental problems will occur if bats' numbers are seriously dropped.

From the Paper
"A recent interest in alternative energy sources has led to an increase in wind power in the Untied States and in the European Union. Results from environmentalists and energy suppliers have been positive for the most part. However, some scientists have noted that the large wind turbines are killing--and possibly even attracting--bats and other wildlife. While this may seem like a minor issue in terms of the greater energy crisis, bats are a "keystone" species responsible for plant dispersion and pest control. Serious environmental problems will occur if bats numbers seriously dropped. Many options exist for mitigating risk for new wind..."

Tags:bats, wind, power

Abstract
This paper deals with the two different kinds of sonar techniques employed by bats throughout the world. The author further discusses bats that don't use echolocation at all. The author then examines the conflicting studies that have been done on this biological phenomenon and explains how the process works.

From the Paper
"Burton (1982) states that the majority of the Microchiroptera utilize FM based echolocation. In this type of echolocation the pulses of sound, or calls, last no longer than a few thousandths of a second and drop through nearly an octave. The few species that do not use FM echolocation utilize the CF based echolocation. With CF echolocation the calls last up to ten times longer than those of the bats that use the FM method, explains Burton. "

Tags:cf, constant, doppler, fm, frequency, guano, megachiroptera, micropchiroptera, modulation, shift