Abstract This paper identifies the key principles of echo-location in various species of bats. The author defines echo-location and presents research, which supports the echo-location process. The paper relates that echolocation is a successful behavioral adaptation of bat species.
From the Paper "Animals utilize a wide variety of behavioral tactics in order to achieve their desired objectives. Animals that seek food, shelter, to reproduce, or to seek refuge from their predators are required to behave in specific ways and to use the resources that are available to them. There are a number of behavioral modifications that animals may exercise as a means of adapting to their surroundings, and bats are no exception to this rule. Bats are unique creatures for a variety of reasons, and their environment enables them to adjust their behavior accordingly. One such bat behavior that is of further interest is echolocation, which is addressed in the following detailed analysis. Echo-location is a means by which bats use their senses to identify with their surroundings, to communicate, to find food, and to protect themselves from a variety of predators."
Abstract This paper traces the evolution of the baseball bat. It looks at the different types of bats made, the material from which they are constructed, the effectiveness of the bats, generally noted advantages and disadvantages of the different bat types ,and safety issues regarding bat types. The paper ends with a brief summary of the features that the different bats have in common.
From the Paper "Baseball bats today come in many different varieties, from the standard $20 wooden bat to a state-of-the-art, $300 aluminum model (Sports-werd.com, 2002). Each type of bat has its own advantages and disadvantages, and each has a unique feel and sound. On both the college level and professional levels of baseball, the types of bats allowed vary in material. Yet, while the baseball bats may differ, there are still many similarities that make both aluminum and wooden bats comparable in the world of baseball."
Abstract The paper discusses how wind turbines are possibly attracting and killing bats and other wildlife. The paper relates that bats are a "keystone" species responsible for plant dispersion and pest control and serious environmental problems will result if bats die out. Since wind energy is of vital importance, the paper maintains that more research needs to be done to discover ways to avoid bat death on wind farms.
From the Paper "Energy is a "hot button" issue in politics and in the news. Finding new ways to produce energy domestically, and free of additional pollution sources like coal, is important to people and governments around the world. Wind power offers cleaner energy production than coal and many other methods, and is less controversial than nuclear power (Williams, 20). Wind power has already proven a successful source of alternative power in the European Union. As a result, new wind farms have been built in a number of United States locations, including New York state, California, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia (Whittelsey 39). The new wind farms have been lauded as an answer to the call for cleaner energy. However, the one downside cited by environmental impact studies is that migrating bats and birds are regularly killed by the wind farm turbines(Whittelsey, 39). These animal deaths seem to happen at wind farms in all areas of the country."
Abstract This paper deals with the two different kinds of sonar techniques employed by bats throughout the world. The author further discusses bats that don?t use echolocation at all. The author then examines the conflicting studies that have been done on this biological phenomenon and explains how the process works.
From the Paper "Burton (1982) states that the majority of the Microchiroptera utilize FM based echolocation. In this type of echolocation the pulses of sound, or calls, last no longer than a few thousandths of a second and drop through nearly an octave. The few species that do not use FM echolocation utilize the CF based echolocation. With CF echolocation the calls last up to ten times longer than those of the bats that use the FM method, explains Burton. "
Abstract The paper discusses the human resource strategies at the British American Tobacco (BAT) company and their human resource performance management. The paper examines the effectiveness of BAT's human resource (HR) performance management system in terms of cost, competence, commitment and congruence. The paper offers recommendations and concludes that the implementation of their HR management system has already showed results, but it could also use adjustments and improvements.
Outline:
BAT's performance management
Human Resource performance management
Results of the implemented system
Recommendations
Conclusions
From the Paper "British American Tobacco is committed to personal growth and development and the international corporation implements a human resource performance management system. The first points on the HR performance management agenda refer to creating a safe and pleasant environment where BAT employees can activate. Activating in a rather dangerous sector, the cigars and cigarette manufacturer strives to offer their personnel a safe and pleasant working environment in which they return gladly."
Abstract An analysis of Bernard Malamud's novel "The Natural". The author examines the themes and characters in the book with focus on the author's use of symbolism and language. The author describes the main character as a baseball player and his bat represents a sword. The relationship the boy has with his bat is compared to the relationship that a knight has with his sword.
From the Paper "Bernard Malamud's novel The Natural is both a relatively simple story -- about a semi-pro baseball player who begs a scout to help him make it in the all-American game of baseball -- and a complex literary exercise in the use of simple, concise symbols to convey in as efficient a way as possible entire universes of meaning. This paper examines one of the most important and pervasive symbols in this 1952 work -- the bat that Roy uses and that serves as a symbolic lance. "
Abstract The paper begins with some introductory remarks about the science of physics and by attempting to clear up some misconceptions regarding the way that pitchers throw balls. It then turns to discuss the storage of baseballs in a giant humidor and the effect of humidity on the motion of baseballs. It explores the materials used to make baseball bats and looks at their velocity. The paper concludes with an explanation of the new computer system introduced for the 2002 baseball season and a look at the involvement of physicists and engineers in evaluating this system.
From the Paper "According to some scientists, pitchers would defy the law of physics if the balls were actually thrown the way they were described. These scientist say a curve ball doesn?t actually curve, just appears to do so. They also say a rising fast ball is mislabeled "since a ball thrown overhand can"t rise (NPR, 1993).? They say players and announcers are incorrect when they say a ball hops, slides or hisses, since it is scientifically impossible, though they will admit a ball can sink a little. Scientists are quick to point out that a waist-high fast ball doesn"t actually rise when it hits your chin, but the hit occurs because the ball doesn"t fall as much as you predict it will. Announcers and players will disagree with these physicists, however, because they accept these concepts on faith and not science (NPR, 1993)."
Abstract This paper discusses various religion's traditional rites of passage for girls to womanhood. The paper explores the significance of Quinceanera in relation to the three other rite of passage ceremonies practiced: Confirmation, Bat Mitzvah and Female Castration. These ceremonies are outlined and are explained as all being a part of the modern world and all marking the change in a young girl's life to that of a woman.
From the Paper "Virtually all cultures throughout human history have maintained a tradition of rites of passage by which life is divided into sections / stages. Traditionally, there are three primary stages that are celebrated in an individual's life in most of these cultures: birth, puberty, and death. Cultures, nations, religions, and regions all maintain norms of rites of passage that though follow the same biological patterns, are somewhat different in their intent. Women's rites of passage are of significant importance throughout much of the world and are at their most significant when celebrating the rite of passage from girlhood to womanhood."
Abstract This paper introduces the general study of sound, and, specifically, ultrasonic phenomena. Human versus animal perception of sound is discussed. The use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in humans is outlined.
From the Paper "One of the greatest tools that man has ever had in the drive to preserve his own body is that of understanding. Particularly, through greater comprehension of the processes and logistics that facilitate our body functions, we can make further gains in aiding them where need exists. Sonic study is indicative of that very fact and, specifically, with the inception of sound exploration into the canon of physics came evidence that sound is more than just what human beings can hear. Rather, we now understand sound as acoustic energy existing in amplitudes of widely varying sizes and intensities. Further, the human ear perceives these amplitudes by translating their frequency. This frequency, a measure of the quantity of sound waves an object (i.e. vocal chords, drum skin, etc.) produces per second, may occur across an infinite range of measurements, expressed in hertz. The human ear, however, has a decidedly finite capacity for sound comprehension that falls somewhere between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Any sound occurring above that frequency is defined as ultrasonic. That is, ultrasonic phenomena are those sounds that exceed "normal" human hearing capabilities, normal being defined as that hearing which falls within the aforementioned frequency comprehension range."
From the Paper "Chapter 1
Introduction
While there are a variety of skill groupings that prove important to the play of baseball, those entailing the batter's hitting the baseball prove most difficult. As a result, the batter's hitting of the baseball is one of the most important skills needed in the game. There are primarily three phases, or skill groupings, that comprise the swing of the baseball batter: the preparatory phase, the force phase, and the follow-through phase (Hay, 1985, p. 205). The preparatory phase of the batter's swing entails the stance, while the stride and the swing consist of the force phase. McKinney and Logan report that the follow-through phase consists of those actions taken by the batter as he or she is recovering from the swing (McKinney & Logan, 1977, p...."
"Dhimmi" is a term applied to someone who lives in a Muslim society without being a Muslim (principally Jews and Christians). This paper compares and contrasts two books on the subject of the dhimmi--The Jews of Islam by Bernard Lewis and The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam by Bat Ye'or. This comparison and contrast centers on four points: (1) ways in which the authors express their views, (2) the subjects the authors choose to write about, (3) differences in subject matter, and (4) individual point of view.
As both works have a scholarly tone, neither one reveals particular emotions or views regarding the subject matter. Both are objective and factual, letting the ideas, facts, and interpretations speak for themselves. The formats and styles are ..."
Abstract Quinceanera, Confirmation, Bat Mitzvah and Female Castration ceremonies are all part of the modern world and all mark the change in a young girl's life to that of a woman. A Quinceanera is the celebration of a girls fifteenth birthday. Once the spiritual ceremony is over the girl moves on to the social part of the Quinceanera. At the age of fifteen the girl is no longer a child. At the age of 12 girls become obligated to observe the commandments. The ceremony marks the time in a girl's life when she is ready for womanhood and marriage. For girls, these rites have traditionally prepared them for marriage and sexual activity (childbearing) within the marriage context.
Abstract This paper examines physicalism and the responses to it from Nagel and Jackson which revealed its flaws. The author discusses Nagel's bat analogy and Jackson's "Mary Argument" in order to clarify the debate.
Abstract This paper examines the novel, "Bang the Drum Slowly" by Mark Harris, a fictional story about two major league ball players. The two main characters are Henry Author or Arthur Wiggen, a pitcher who sees himself as bright, witty, and competent, and his friend, Bruce Pearson, a catcher, who is clearly a little slow mentally, although apparently a good ball player. He is also rigid in his thinking, can bat only one way, and is determined that only his friend Henry, whom he calls Arthur instead of Author, knows that he is dying of Hodgkin's Disease. The paper analyzes the predominant themes in the story, which are the strength of their friendship and loyalty and how Arthur must lie to protect his friend's secret.
From the Paper "Earlier in the book, Henry has said that life is just one big problem after the other, and his difficulties keeping his promise to Bruce are growing. Henry value's Joe's friendship, but when Bruce, imagining that he can really play the card game, asks to join, Henry stops playing, offending Joe, who starts calling Henry and Bruce ?Romeo and Juliet.? It ends his close friendship with Joe. Henry is torn by the complications presented by keeping his promise to Bruce. He says, "Suppose you were up to your neck in a barrel of shit and a fellow was tossing baseballs at you. What do you do" Do you duck?? (p. 117) But eventually he has to tell another team member, Goose, so he will have a little backup protecting Bruce from the incessant teasing. Goose has been teasing Bruce, and defends it by saying, ?A man has got to have a little fun.? ?He is dying,?) Henry says. (p. 133) Eventually, Goose will tell his roommate."
Tags: hodgkin?s, disease, arthur, bruce, loyalty, major, league, ball, players
Abstract This paper examines the importance of pollination services. As the author explains, the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. This paper evaluates the importance of pollinators, provides statistical evidence for vertebrate and invertebrate pollinator decline and examines causes and consequences of pollinator decline. The paper also demonstrates the consequences of pollinator decline in terms of plant pollinator interactions and corresponding research, including figures. The paper concludes that that the functional diversity of the pollination network is critical to ecosystem sustainability and productivity.
I. Introduction
II. Importance of Pollinators
III. Pollinator Decline
A) General Pollinator Decline
B) Honey Bee Decline
C) Decline of other Pollinators
IV. Causes of Pollinator Decline
A) Pesticide Misuse
B) Loss of Habitat and Forage
C) Diseases and Pests
D) The "Killer Bee Hype"
E) Light Pollution) Monocultures
G) Climate Change
V. Consequences of Pollinator Decline
A) Plant Pollinator Interactions
B) Decline of Genetic Variability and Effect on Plant Populations
VI. Reduction and Prevention of Future Pollinator Decline-
A) Possible Actions
B) Future Research Needs
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Literature Cited
IX. Figures and Data
From the Paper "Green plants represent the primary food source for a large portion of the worlds living biota. Many plants reproduce sexually and require pollination agents to ensure genetic diversity and other adaptive advantages through cross-pollination. During the search for nectar, pollen, oil, or mates, pollinators transfer pollen from male anthers to female stigmas and hence perform pollination (Cane, 2001). Due to co-evolution among angiosperms and pollinators, many primary pollinator- plant relationships are highly specific. Therefore the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. In recent decades human activates have decimated biodiversity in many different species-rich groups, including invertebrates (Cane, 2001). Declines have been recorded in many groups of pollinators including: insects, bats, birds and mammals. This decline represents less frequent flower visitation, gradual decrease of seed and fruit production, and reproductive losses in additional taxa within the community and could eventually disrupt community function (Cane, 2001)."
