Abstract
This paper explains that, although the origins of the Basque people are unclear but possibly of Turkish, Magyar or Berber descent, the Basques may be the oldest indigenous race in Europe; their language Euskera has supposedly been traced back to Babel. The author points out that, for centuries, the region south of the Pyrenees was recognized as "una tierra apartada", a self-governing area, subject to an absolute monarchy and had its own code of laws and rights (fueros); in 1876, the Basque country was assimilated into the rest of Spain. The paper relates that the Spanish Civil War had a major impact on the Basque because the Franco regime, which exercised cultural repression over the whole nation, was particularly severe in those regions where a language other than Spanish was spoken.

From the Paper
"The father of Basque nationalism, Sabino Arana, described by Mark Kurlansky as an 'unpleasant zealot', insisted that to be Basque a person's four grandparents must all have been born in the Basque country and have Euskera names - a qualification which would be much modified when the terrorist organization ETA admitted to its membership people whose families came from elsewhere in Spain. Both Arana's party and ETA were officially founded on the saint's day, 31 July, of the Basques' most famous son, Ignatius Loyola. (The first Basque underground movement in the 1950s, formed by a handful of Guipuzcoans, initially called itself by the acronym ATA, unaware that in the dialect of the neighbouring province, Viscaya, ata means 'duck'.) "

Tags:cooperatives, pronouns, artisits, self-governing, nationalist

Abstract
The paper relates that the Basque Country is a lesser known region in Spain constituting a separate culture, one with its own language and customs, and this is also a region that has been beset by unrest for decades because of a separatist movement that seeks to separate the Basque region from Spain. The paper mentions that the Basque language is spoken by about two percent of the people in Spain and the Basque region has a history extending back more than a thousand years, the origin of which remains uncertain today. The paper relates that there are seven provinces in Basque Country, and four of these are in Spain and three in France, since the Basque region crosses the border between those two European countries.

From the Paper
"The Basque Country is a lesser known region in Spain constituting a separate culture, one with its own language and customs. This is also a region that has been beset by unrest for decades because of a separatist movement that seeks to separate the Basque region from Spain. The Basque language is spoken by about two percent of the people in Spain. The Basque region has a history extending back more than a thousand years, the origin of which remains uncertain today. There are seven provinces in Basque Country, and four of these are in Spain and three in France, since the Basque region crosses the border between those two European countries. Spain is in the process of revitalizing after the long rule of General..."

Tags:basque, country, spain

Abstract
This paper discusses the huge industrial port of Bilbao and its history from its founding in 1300. The paper examines industrialization in the area, social reforms and its culture. The paper focuses on the Basque influences in the area. It then examines the regeneration of the villa of Bilbao in contemporary times and how the regeneration was influenced by the Basque culture.

Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Basque Industrialization
From Medieval To Commercial Villa
Bilbao's Foundational Charter
Construction Of San Anton Bridge
Harbor: Key Part Of Infrastructure
Integration Opened New Trade Opportunities In Bilbao
The Demise Of Bilbao's Environment And Beauty
Religion And The Basque Culture
Consumption Patterns And Expenditures Of The Basque
Social Reform In Bilbao
Heavy Industrialization Causes Problems In Bilbao
An Economic Recovery 'Of Sorts'
Modern Bilbao
Summary And Conclusion

From the Paper
"Bilbao and its Basque culture has stood through times that were good and pure and through times that are difficult and dirty and even still the Basque culture of Bilbao continues to distinguish itself through the regeneration of Bilbao following what was a steep ascent into the industrial society that so tarnished the face of the Villa. Basque culture it appears will not simply fade away into the nothingness that so many other culture has disappeared into to be forgotten but instead has all intent, and it appears all strength and willpower as well as ingenuity and creativity to once again stand above that which is merely mundane or dingy."

Tags:industrialization, urbanization, growth, port

Abstract
This paper explores the origins of the Basque nationalist separatist organization, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), and the purpose of its formation. It looks at how ETA has evolved since its foundation in 1959 and investigates the changes that have taken place within the organization itself. The paper also examines ETA's motives and its methods, and what it represents in the minds of the Basque and Spanish people alike. Lastly, the paper discusses how ETA and its actions have affected the Basque Country, Spain, and the rest of the world. The paper concludes that the most significant possible affect of ETA on Basque nationalism is the maintenance of the current ceasefire, which could change the course of the Basque nationalist movement forever.

From the Paper
"The struggle for an autonomous Euskadi (Basque Country) pre-dates the Franco era, with its emergence being in the 1870s. 'The incorporation of Euskadi into Spain under the hegemony of the province of Castile and the loss of the fueros led to the first manifestations of Basque nationalism.' These "fueros" were rights or privileges of the Basques, which granted them a certain amount of municipal military and fiscal autonomy. At the end of the Second Carlist War in 1876 the government abolished the "fueros" of the provinces of Guipuzcoa, Biscay and Alava as punishment for their support of the Carlist rebellion. This abolition, on top of the rapid industrialisation of the region that caused, much to the displeasure of the working-class, and influx of thousands of maketos (a derogatory term used by the nationalists to describe workers from other parts of Spain), was to mark the beginning of Basque nationalism and prompted the establishment of the PNV (Partido Nacionalista Vasco, Basque Nationalist Party) by Sabino de Arana y Goiri in 1895. The party was founded as a Catholic conservative party canvassing for the restoration of self-government. The slogan used by the PNV around the time of its establishment was "God and the Old Laws", referring to the PNV's defence of both Catholicism and of Basque autonomy through the fueros. Arana himself was an intellectual and a political theorist who left a significant legacy for the Basque people. Essentially, he wanted to return to a pre-industrialised Basque Country. It was he who promoted many of the mythologies of Basque history, while advocating a clearly exclusionist and even racist attitude towards immigrants. Aranismo is the extreme version of Basque nationalism, and it is important to remember during this discussion that the Basque nationalist movement is a multi-faceted one, with many internal disagreements. The PNV represented a compromise between the radical Aranistas and moderate nationalists, an organisation in which all nationalists could feel at home, and this was perhaps Arana's greatest legacy of all."

Tags:autonomy, independence, revolt, Spain, uprising

Abstract
This paper researches radical Basque nationalism with reference to the film "Yoyes" which is a Spanish political drama based on the life and death of real-life terrorist and member of the ETA, Dolores Gonzalez. The subject is discussed through the prism of the film in highlighting the relevant issues within this topic.

Outline:
Objective
Introduction: What Constitutes Nationalism?
Basque Identity - Brief History & Emergence
Factors Leading to the Development of Basque Nationalism & the ETA
Motives and Methods of the ETA
Summary & Conclusion

From the Paper
"Martinez-Herrera (2002) holds that it is necessary that the ETA's origin and persistence be viewed along with the exchanges of the group with the "broader environment" (Martinez-Herrera, 2002) because in the case of the Basque: "...it is possible to consider a system of concentric circles." (Martinez-Herrera, 2002) In the very center of the ETA are the terrorist organizations however, "in a broader circle, there is a network of interconnected support organizations, including political parties, trade unions, associations, mass media, even firms..." including those who vote for the Basque parties. It is the external of these that "corresponds to those who share ideas of rejection toward Spain, independence for the Basque country."

Tags:Spanish, civil, war

Abstract
This paper explains that Euskera was once spoken in Aragon and West Catalonia as far back as the 7th century and, in the 9th and 10th centuries, through mass migration, it reached south of Alava. The author points out that the decline of this language was partly due to decisions made concerning the supremacy of Spanish during the Bourbon period of the 18th Century, which stigmatized Euskera as being only suitable for farmers and peasants whereas Spanish was used exclusively in education and instruction. The paper concludes that Euskera, the Basque language, is almost without monolingual speakers but whether it is doomed extinction is debatable. The paper includes some long quotations.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
An Historical Overlook of Euskera
Spanish and French Attitudes Concerning the Basque Language
Protecting Euskera
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Industrialization also played its part during the 19th century. The need for workers resulted in mass immigration and saw the arrival of so many monolingual Spanish speakers that their numbers far outweighed those of the Basque speakers. The fact that the Spanish speakers moved into several areas where the language had already been lost and the fact that the Franco government prohibited the use of Euskera, both helped to ensured that the language would become endangered."

Tags:immigration, monolingual, spanish, aragon, stigmatize

From the Paper
"The Basque nationalist movement is rapidly rising to the top ranks of separatist movements in Europe. However, it is one of the least understood among them. With the peace process in Northern Ireland slowly but steadily taking hold and the situation in the former Yugoslavia shakily maintaining the appearance of being under control, a vacuum has been created for the study of another European nationalism. In conjunction with this vacuum, the most brutal offensive by the Basque terrorist group ETA -Basque Homeland and Liberty- since 1992 has brought the Basque question into the spotlight. While most media sources report on only the current violence conducted by extremists, this paper will explore the various faces of Basque nationalism throughout its history."

Tags:batasuna, carlists, eta, franco, herri, pnv, spain, basque, nationalism

From the Paper
"Basque issue it inherited from Franco's dictatorship. The conflict has two basic issues. Historically, the Basques are not linked with the Spaniards. The Basques have a separate identity, demonstrated by a different culture and an entirely different language. The other issue is violence. Since the late 1960s, militant Basque nationalists have used terrorism in an attempt to gain independence. Spain has responded with police crack-downs and repression. However, the problem goes further. Issues of civil rights and the ability of the state to use force against its citizens have all been affected by the Basque conflict. These issues affect all Spanish citizens, but they have arisen from the regional conflict in the Basque country."

Tags:basque, batasuna, eta, herri, nationalism, pnv, separatism, spain

Abstract
An overview of the ETA terrorist organization in Spain, including a history of the Basque nationalist movement and an analysis of the current atmosphere.

From the Paper
"Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, or as the movement is popularly known, ETA, can be translated in the Basque language to Basque Homeland and Freedom. (Shepard) ETA was originally founded in ... in response to a number of horrific atrocities perpetrated against the Basque by the Spanish Dictator, Francisco Franco. Although the movement was created because of this oppression, it was also a manifestation of the Basque nationalist movement which had been fomenting among the Basque people for over a century. This paper will examine..."

Tags:ETA, terrorism, spain, basque

Abstract
Discusses the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) as both a revolutionary and evolutionary group. Various perspectives of ETA as a terrorist organization or freedom fighters seeking independence from Spain's control. Politics, tactics & long-term goal of establishing a Basque homeland. ETA use of negotiation as well as violence. Origin of group.

From the Paper
"Assessment of the Basque group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) depends on one's political perspective. From the point of view of the group itself and its supporters, the ETA is comprised of freedom fighters, revolutionaries seeking liberty and independence from Spain's control. From the perspective of the Spanish government, the ETA is a terrorist organization willing to use whatever means are necessary to achieve its radical political goals. Such opponents of the ETA hold that the group is violent and will remain violent even when it vows to give up its violence. To other, less extreme Basque liberation organizations, the ETA is justifiable in its ultimate goals of independence, but counter-productive in its violent tactics and strategy.


The reality is that all of these perspectives are correct to some degree, and the reason for this is that the ETA is an..."