Abstract
This paper discusses the huge industrial port of Bilbao and its history from its founding in 1300. The paper examines industrialization in the area, social reforms and its culture. The paper focuses on the Basque influences in the area. It then examines the regeneration of the villa of Bilbao in contemporary times and how the regeneration was influenced by the Basque culture.

Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Basque Industrialization
From Medieval To Commercial Villa
Bilbao's Foundational Charter
Construction Of San Anton Bridge
Harbor: Key Part Of Infrastructure
Integration Opened New Trade Opportunities In Bilbao
The Demise Of Bilbao's Environment And Beauty
Religion And The Basque Culture
Consumption Patterns And Expenditures Of The Basque
Social Reform In Bilbao
Heavy Industrialization Causes Problems In Bilbao
An Economic Recovery 'Of Sorts'
Modern Bilbao
Summary And Conclusion

From the Paper
"Bilbao and its Basque culture has stood through times that were good and pure and through times that are difficult and dirty and even still the Basque culture of Bilbao continues to distinguish itself through the regeneration of Bilbao following what was a steep ascent into the industrial society that so tarnished the face of the Villa. Basque culture it appears will not simply fade away into the nothingness that so many other culture has disappeared into to be forgotten but instead has all intent, and it appears all strength and willpower as well as ingenuity and creativity to once again stand above that which is merely mundane or dingy."

Tags:industrialization, urbanization, growth, port

From the Paper
"Present day Basques come to the attention of most of the world in relation to nationalistic and terrorist activities seeking independence from Spain (Ben-Ami, 1991, p. 493). The Basque homeland, however, straddles the international border between Spain and France (Clark, 1990, p. 93). Approximately 18,000 square kilometers of the Basque homeland is within the borders of Spain, while the remaining 3,000 (approximate) kilometers lie in France. Of the approximately three million residents of the Basque homeland, approximately 2.7 million reside in Spain, while the remaining 300,000 (approximate) reside in France. The Basques in France, however, have not actively ..."

Abstract
The paper relates that the Basque Country is a lesser known region in Spain constituting a separate culture, one with its own language and customs, and this is also a region that has been beset by unrest for decades because of a separatist movement that seeks to separate the Basque region from Spain. The paper mentions that the Basque language is spoken by about two percent of the people in Spain and the Basque region has a history extending back more than a thousand years, the origin of which remains uncertain today. The paper relates that there are seven provinces in Basque Country, and four of these are in Spain and three in France, since the Basque region crosses the border between those two European countries.

From the Paper
"The Basque Country is a lesser known region in Spain constituting a separate culture, one with its own language and customs. This is also a region that has been beset by unrest for decades because of a separatist movement that seeks to separate the Basque region from Spain. The Basque language is spoken by about two percent of the people in Spain. The Basque region has a history extending back more than a thousand years, the origin of which remains uncertain today. There are seven provinces in Basque Country, and four of these are in Spain and three in France, since the Basque region crosses the border between those two European countries. Spain is in the process of revitalizing after the long rule of General..."

Tags:basque, country, spain

Abstract
This paper explains that, although the origins of the Basque people are unclear but possibly of Turkish, Magyar or Berber descent, the Basques may be the oldest indigenous race in Europe; their language Euskera has supposedly been traced back to Babel. The author points out that, for centuries, the region south of the Pyrenees was recognized as "una tierra apartada", a self-governing area, subject to an absolute monarchy and had its own code of laws and rights (fueros); in 1876, the Basque country was assimilated into the rest of Spain. The paper relates that the Spanish Civil War had a major impact on the Basque because the Franco regime, which exercised cultural repression over the whole nation, was particularly severe in those regions where a language other than Spanish was spoken.

From the Paper
"The father of Basque nationalism, Sabino Arana, described by Mark Kurlansky as an 'unpleasant zealot', insisted that to be Basque a person's four grandparents must all have been born in the Basque country and have Euskera names - a qualification which would be much modified when the terrorist organization ETA admitted to its membership people whose families came from elsewhere in Spain. Both Arana's party and ETA were officially founded on the saint's day, 31 July, of the Basques' most famous son, Ignatius Loyola. (The first Basque underground movement in the 1950s, formed by a handful of Guipuzcoans, initially called itself by the acronym ATA, unaware that in the dialect of the neighbouring province, Viscaya, ata means 'duck'.) "

Tags:cooperatives, pronouns, artisits, self-governing, nationalist

Abstract
This paper researches radical Basque nationalism with reference to the film "Yoyes" which is a Spanish political drama based on the life and death of real-life terrorist and member of the ETA, Dolores Gonzalez. The subject is discussed through the prism of the film in highlighting the relevant issues within this topic.

Outline:
Objective
Introduction: What Constitutes Nationalism?
Basque Identity - Brief History & Emergence
Factors Leading to the Development of Basque Nationalism & the ETA
Motives and Methods of the ETA
Summary & Conclusion

From the Paper
"Martinez-Herrera (2002) holds that it is necessary that the ETA's origin and persistence be viewed along with the exchanges of the group with the "broader environment" (Martinez-Herrera, 2002) because in the case of the Basque: "...it is possible to consider a system of concentric circles." (Martinez-Herrera, 2002) In the very center of the ETA are the terrorist organizations however, "in a broader circle, there is a network of interconnected support organizations, including political parties, trade unions, associations, mass media, even firms..." including those who vote for the Basque parties. It is the external of these that "corresponds to those who share ideas of rejection toward Spain, independence for the Basque country."

Tags:Spanish, civil, war

Abstract
The paper explains how every organization has its culture and like any other culture, the organizational culture is composed of group interactions within a structured framework. The paper discusses how an organizational culture possesses similar features to any other culture owning folklore heroes, communications network and rites and rituals. The paper notes that like any other culture, an organizational culture must be carefully maintained in order to prevent it from breaking down.

Tags:collaborative, educational, culture

Abstract
This essay, "IS LAW TRANSCENDENT OR CULTURE DEPENDENT?" poses that question, based on a consideration of a number of cultural settings, ancient and modern, and finds that law is highly culture dependent. It is a study in the variables of cultural anthropology as much as law, and shwos that in every culture, including the subcultures of American society, there is a law unique to the vernacular of each culture.

From the Paper
IS LAW TRANSCENDENT OR CULTURE DEPENDENT? One of the greatest frustrations that those who approach law find about this subject is that while it seems emotional to cry out for simplicity and universality, it seems only to generate increasing particularity and complexity. Those social reformers who continually try to simplify and universalize law offer the contention that law is a universal phenomenon. However, in the light of reality, this argument must be refined if it is to retain any sort of meaning. Every culture has law. But the law of cultures varies radically from one culture to another. Consider an example of the

Tags:law, culture, universal

Abstract
The question, What is popular culture and how does it relate to Eastern and Western societies? is an apparently simple query that conceals a complex range of social cultural and economic aspects. This essay examines this question, beginning with a provisional definition of popular culture and an attempt to distinguish it from other cultural forms such as high culture and mass culture. The thesis is argued that popular culture is, in its fundamental elements, a commercial culture that is dependent to an extraordinary degree upon the mass media as a technological vehicle for its messages and products.

Tags:pop, culture, asia

Abstract
In this article the writer discusses the idea that advertising is related to culture in several ways. The writer maintains that it reflects what is happening in the culture by the messages used, and that advertising pays for aspects of culture and so decides what people see and listen to and experience in much of their lives. The writer demonstrates how culture affects advertising and advertising affects culture.

From the Paper
"Advertising is ubiquitous in American society, appearing in numerous forms through virtually every means of communication, and as new technology and new methods of communication appear, advertisers soon find a way to make use of the new channel for their message. This has been seen recently with the widespread use of the cell phone, leading to various advertising messages that can be sent to the phone and that can appear on the screen for these phones. The MP3 player has also become a means of sending advertising messages along with downloads of music. The home computer is under virtual assault by advertisers using banner headlines, pop-up ads, e-mail, and various cookies that track computer use and send messages geared to the individual consumer."

Tags:advertising, culture, influence

Abstract
This paper examines how, as increasing numbers of businesses look to expand and develop their consumer and market base through the internationalisation of their operations, managers are recognising the importance of effective international marketing to counter the increased levels of uncertainty and complexity. It focuses specifically on the role of culture in the formulation of international marketing strategies, using a number of examples to highlight the points raised. Firstly, international marketing strategies are considered in more detail, followed by an exploration of the concept of culture and its influence on international marketing strategies.

Outline
Introduction
What are International Marketing Strategies?
Understanding Culture
The Role of Culture in International Marketing Strategy Formulation
Hofstede?s Five Dimensions
Hall and Hall?s High-Low Context
Direct Influence on Marketing Mix
Product
Price
Place
Promotion
Importance of Ethics
Critiquing the Role of Culture
Conclusions
References
Appendix 1

From the Paper
"Since value judgements vary between and within cultures, perceptions of what constitutes acceptable behaviour also differ: for example a gift in one country may be considered a bribe in another (Cateora and Ghauri, 2000; Doole and Lowe, 2001). Kotabe and Helsen (2004 p.171) highlight the significance of this for international marketers who "must understand and respect cultural subtleties, whilst finding the limits of ethical behaviour"; since a company's ethical stance may affect its ability to do business in some countries. For example, Motorola's lengthy "Code of Business Conduct", sets out standards for accepted behaviour throughout the organisation (see www.motorola.com). They recognise the "ethical legitimacy" of gift-giving in Japan, but decline to "participate in the practice" (Hamilton and Knouse, 2001 p.87). This allows the company to show respect for Japanese culture, whilst maintaining its own corporate values. Similarly, consideration should be given to product usage and production processes, which may not be appropriate in certain cultures or environments."

Tags:culture, hofstede, business