Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that horses have had an influence on human lives for centuries. They are associated with art, mythology, war, history and, in America, the Wild West. The writer discusses that in 1971, human concern for the treatment of the feral horses of America led to the creation of the Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 1971 (Bureau of Land Management, 2010). Since that act the wild horses' potential for large population growth coupled with the legal constraints of management has become a difficult situation. The writer discusses the problem that arises in how to balance the conservation of feral horses in the Great Basin with the negative effects the horses have on the environment.

Outline:
Biological Background
Description of Problem
Proposed Solutions
Critique of Proposed Solutions

From the Paper
"The modern genus Equus arose in the Pleistocene and colonized North America. During this era, at least 8000 years ago, all North American equids, along with other large herbivores, became extinct. The feral horses that now reside in North America are most likely to have come from escaped animals from ranchers, miners and American Indians. In the early 1700s, the feral horses began to move northward from Mexico into the central Rocky Mountain area. Today most of the wild horse population in the United States can be found in the Great Basin area.
"The Great Basin is the least-inhabited area of the United States. It covers approximately half a million square kilometers. Free-ranging horses have inhabited the Great Basin since 1841. The Great Basin is a semiarid ecosystem that, when disturbed, has a long recovery time."

Tags:conservation biology, wild horses, great basin

Abstract
This paper explains that the Great Lakes Basin offers an abundance of ecological points to support ecotourism; moreover, if ecotourism becomes an important economic and social factor, it will have a positive affect on some of the ecological concerns of the region. The author points out that the tourism industry in the Great Lakes Basin is stagnated and the most appealing method to this revitalizing program is ecotourism, which would bring tourism to the area to generate both income to continue conservation efforts and interest in conserving the Great Lakes Basin's ecosystem and historic sites. The paper states that the first thrust of developing an ecotourism program is to survey Canadians and visitors to determine their interest in eco-travel and to evaluate potential financial benefits and to create an agency to manage ecotourism efforts in the Great Lakes Basin. Tables, charts, maps and illustrations.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Sustainability, Community Interest, Marketing and Mapping
Exotic Biologicals of Interest to Tourism and Ecotourism
Tourism Policies: Legal Issues Affecting Tourism Development in the Area
Tourism Statistics
Canoeing, Kayaking and Sailing
Power Boating
Recreational Fishing
Swimming
Most Popular Sports
Recommendations for Short, Medium and Long Terms
Ontario Tourism Forecast
Short-Term Recommendation
Medium- Term Recommendation
Long- Term Recommendation
Assorted Maps Useful for Planning Ecotourism

From the Paper
"In addition to the scientific ecotourism potential in this species migration (and the list above is a very small part of it), there is the land-based cultural aspect, particularly sustainable if exploited because "the history of exploration, colonization, settlement, and commercial development of the Great Lakes by European settlers spans almost four centuries. Throughout this period, non-indigenous aquatic animal and plant species have been introduced both intentionally and accidentally." Here, cultural history also enters the picture because, for medicinal purposes, early settlers imported non-native plants, such as bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) as well as importing favored edibles, such as watercress (Rorippa nasturtium aquaticum), which thrived in the new environment, pushing out older native species."

Tags:culture, historic, plants, animals, survey

Abstract
This paper studies the Great Basin Spadefoot species and looks at where they can be found in the world. The writer discusses conditions and habitat for the Great Basin Spadefoot and describes their eating and living habits. The writer describes features of the species, including hibernation, reproduction, danger of extinction and various aspects of the spadefoot life. In this article, the writer discusses research and studies that have taken place regarding the Great Basin Spadefoot including mention of a large-scale collapse of an entire community of frog species and growth experiments. The writer makes use of the writings and studies of biologists and other experts to provide this insight into the spadefoot world.

From the Paper
"Within the United States, the Great Basin Spadefoot lacks special state or federal status. They occur throughout the Columbia Basin and are locally common in many areas and within Washington state, there have been no declines documented. Spadefoots apparently can tolerate some habitat alteration, which often persists in irrigated agricultural lands. Moreover, it is believed that they may have actually increased in abundance due to the prevalence of breeding sites provided in some areas by irrigation water, however no systematic surveys have been conducted to document such patterns."

Tags:frog, amphibian, toad, tadpole

Abstract
This paper looks into reasons behind the United States' interest in the Caribbean basin, concluding that it is mainly due to its strategic position and America's fear of it being used as a base for future attacks against the country. This paper covers U.S. foreign policy in the region over four periods: the Protectorate Era from 1898-1933; the Good Neighbor Policy from 1933-1953; the Cold War period from 1953-1990; and the post-Cold War era or the present time. It also looks at what changes have occurred in the Caribbean Basin in the last 20 years of relation and intervention by the U.S.

From the Paper
"Policy changes towards the Caribbean from Carter to Reagan were dramatic. Carter was interested in promoting economic development in the region, but later shifted his focus on national security. On the other hand, Reagan utilized a more traditional approach in the opposite direction. Carter placed highest priority on multilateral approaches to security issues and respected the sovereignty of small nations. Reagan was, on the other hand, confrontational towards Grenada, so that in October 1983, he joined six Caribbean nations in invading that island in order to restore democracy to its government. He was sensitive to criticism towards his anti-Communist strategy, which led him to fashion the Caribbean Basic Initiative to promote democracy."

Tags:Teller, Amendment, Panama, Policy, Arbenz

Abstract
This essay is a study of the island of Jamaica. It gives an historical overview of its discovery. It details Jamaica's social, political, and economic situation and describes the main factors that effect its situation. This paper also examines the adjacent Caribbean islands and their present day situations. It gives an historical overview of the discovery of the Caribbean and the part the British and Japanese have played in the Caribbean's history.

From the Paper
"Early in the sixteenth century, Spaniards landed on, and claimed, the island of Jamaica. Previously inhabited only by Arawak Indians, the island, located along the ocean route connecting the Old World to the New World, soon became a way station for Spanish galleons and a marketplace for slaves and goods from many countries. Along with the Spaniards, it was home to British citizens as well as multinational buccaneers and entrepreneurs.

"According to Daniel J. Seyler, in his contribution to Countries of the World, "Jamaica's story is one of independence that began in the seventeenth century with the Maroons, runaway slaves who resisted the British colonizers by carrying out hit-and run attacks from the interior. Their 7,000 descendants in the Cockpit Country have symbolized the fervent, sometimes belligerent, love of freedom that is ingrained in the Jamaican people as a result of both their British tutelage and their history of slavery. Independence came quietly, however, without a revolutionary struggle, apparently reflecting the lasting imprint of the British parliamentary legacy on Jamaican society" (Seyler 1991)."

Tags:Jamaica, Panama, Caribbean, British, Japanese, basin, Guyana

Abstract
This paper discusses that a combination of natural and industrial causes are at fault for the destruction of the ecosystem surrounding the Aral Sea, once the world's fourth largest inland body of fresh water. The author addresses issues of pollution, weather, and water quality from a geological/environmental science perspective.

Abstract
The writer illuminates some of the issues that are causing damage to the rainforest of Brazil while giving a history of the region. The paper argues that the impoverished farmers have no choice but to enact farming policies that are slowly killing the surrounding lands, thus putting the ecosystem in peril.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Poisons From Promise
Eventualities
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Amazon may come to resemble many of the world's river basins that have drainage networks that have been channelized and cut off from the floodplains, agricultural lands that have been "reclaimed" from wetlands, and large loads of fertilizers and anthropogenic chemicals in the surface water. In the Amazon the most likely change is an increase in intensive agriculture. High-phosphate fertilizers are already used to reclaim abandoned pastures. The use of fertilizers in areas near the streams could add nutrients and increase productivity in local surface water. The use of fertilizers and pesticides on the floodplains of white-water rivers, the best agricultural land in the basin, would add chemicals directly into those ecosystems."

Tags:rainforest, ecosystem, farming, wetlands, forestry

Abstract
The Mekong River Basin is one of the ten longest rivers existing in the world and has a significant impact upon the nature, environment and societal aspects, as well as the economical aspects of the Indo-China Peninsula. This paper evaluates the present geographical conditions of the region and concludes that the biodiversity of the region needs to be guarded if the area is to continue serving the many communities around it.

Paper Outline:
Introduction
Context: Physical Geological Information
Present Environmental Condition
Cultural Significance of the Mekong River Basin Region
Economic Significance of the Mekong River Basin
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is important that the destruction of local spawning grounds or dry season refuges be avoided, that local changes in the quality and quantity of water available be unchanged as storage in dams and abstraction for irrigations and that the construction of barriers such as dams, weirs and diversions be avoided as well. Deforestation and loss of riparian vegetative cover are cited as problems in the area. Many of the areas surrounding the river have instituted conservations zones, gear restrictions and seasonal restrictions in an effort to save the biodiversity of the Mekong River Basin."

Tags:Golden, Triangle, fishing, irrigation, ecosystem

Abstract
Precambrian rocks underlie Texas, which are more than 600 million years old. The deformed ancient volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks were formed early in the Earth's history. They are now exposed in the Llano Uplift and in a few small areas in Trans-Pecos Texas.

Tags:geology, permian, basin

Abstract
This research reviews the water security issue in the Jordan River Valley, with a focus on the effect of this issue on the economic development of Southern Lebanon. The water security issue has developed along w

From the Paper
"WATER SECURITY IN THE JORDAN RIVER BASIN: WATER & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN LEBANON

This research reviews the water security issue in the Jordan River Valley, with a focus on the effect of this issue on the economic development of Southern Lebanon. The water security issue has developed along with the rise of Israeli since the creation of the modern Israeli state in 1948. Thus, this research reviews the development of the issue from this early period.

In the mid-1950s, Lebanon was a prosperous and thriving nation in the Middle East. The French Mandate had been terminated, and, following the end of the Second World War, Lebanon had become and independent democracy; albeit one with its own unique political structure, which effectively ..."