Abstract This paper explains that eudaimonia is the Greek term for happiness in a broad notion, which suggests prospering and flourishing. The author points out that, if eudaimonia means a completely good life both in material and spiritual terms, then Aristotle is correct and eudaimonia is impossible to achieve without basic material possessions. However, the paper concludes that Aristotle may have had something entirely different in mind when he mentioned the word eudaimonia than what is understood today because something important may have been lost in translation.
From the Paper "Eudaimonia is applied to all human beings so long as they have the basic pre-requisites. It must be mentioned that while Aristotle felt that happiness works the same way for all human beings, he was not essentially bundling up all humans in one category. He understood very well the stations of life that each person may be in but what he meant by eudaimonia being same for all was simply grounded in the way it could be achieved. Aristotle fully understood that eudaimonia couldn't be achieved without some essential material goods and he knew that they were not available to all."
Tags: translation material spiritual satisfaction, basicpre-requisites
This paper discusses Max Weber's "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", which theorizes on the role of religion in the emergence of capitalism in early modern Europe.
Abstract This paper explains that, in his seminal work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", Max Weber provided a new perspective of the emergence of capitalism by asserting that what made Europe or the Occident develop into a capitalist economy was because the majority of its people observed the Protestant ethic as their way of life, rationalizing that people's everyday actions are a pre-requisite for a society to develop into a capitalist economy. The author contends that the development of capitalism in early modern Europe was the result not only of Protestantism but also of Catholicism. The paper states that the generalization that religion had become the catalyst for capitalism to flourish in the continent is supported by the fact that religious institutions before and during the onset of capitalism have dominated the socio-political realms of Western societies, leaving no doubt that they also control the economic activities and institutions present in the society.
From the Paper "Indeed, capitalism is "a very complex system of institutions, highly rational in character and the product of a number of developments peculiar to Western civilization." Those who are unable to adapt to these 'complex systems of institutions' and 'rational character' are bound to be left behind in the process, neither achieving development nor economic success. Moreover, those who are unable to adapt to this system are bound to maintain the "anxiety of not knowing" and "fear of damnation." Thus, in order to be included in the capitalist economic system, one has to integrate himself/herself to these complex systems of institutions through labor and attain a rational character by conducting profit-making activities. Through labor and profit-making activities, one involves in the "spirit of capitalism" and accomplishes what Weber has termed as the Protestant ethic."
Abstract This paper reviews the pre-negotiation phase of the negotiating process. The four elements of the pre-negotiating phase and five important individual characteristics of negotiators are identified and discussed.
From the Paper "Peterson and Lucas pointed out that an area of the negotiating process that has received less attention than is warranted is the pre-negotiation phase of the process. This paper addresses four questions related ..."
Abstract This paper analyzes the representation of children in John Everett Millais' paintings. It presents and analyzes 33 paintings, completed from 1840 to 1896, the year of the painter's death. Photographs of some of the paintings are included in the text. The paper points out that Millais was one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB), a group of English painters, poets, and critics. The paper attempts to demonstrate that the Pre-Raphaelitism of Millais is very particular in the sense that it uses the PRB's techniques, but concentrates on a subject that was not explored as extensively by the other artists of the Brotherhood, namely, children and childhood. The first part of the paper seeks to demonstrate that Millais strove to blend the aesthetics of the PRB with subject-matter that he felt was closer to the everyday popular concerns of the times. In addition, his reiteration of the Pre-Raphaelite preoccupations, techniques and devices has the lightness of manner and properties of a musical leitmotif, rather than the urgency and insistence of an unconditional engagement. Secondly, the paper concentrates on the cleavage between the representation of children in distress and children within the family unit, and briefly comments on the spirituality of the child according to Millais. Finally, the paper examines the portrayal of girls throughout Millais' career. The paper concludes that, thematically, children and childhood seem to define Millais best.
From the Paper "The plot of The Rescue (1855) is mostly about protection and shelter, or rather, the lack of it. Millais plays with the colours and shades to create a general feeling of helplessness. The feeling of insecurity is heightened when we look at the figures of the three children trapped between the flames in the left-hand corner and the blackness and unhealthy mist of the London night in the right-hand corner of the painting. The figure of the fire-fighter as a temporary pillar of refuge echoes the blackness of the night outside, while the fragile whiteness of the figure of the mother is contrasted to the intense yellow-reddish flames, reflected on the face and feet of the boy. The painting stages a scene of distress and suggests future misery. Widely approved as celebrating "the bravery of the London Fire Brigade" (Adams 120), the painting contains the essence of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, which consists in a peculiar feeling of insecurity as to its real meaning. The spectator constantly hesitates between the two diverging interpretations. This is frequently due to the technical imperfections of many PRB paintings (a famous example is Lorenzo and Isabella but also Sir Isumbras at the Ford as we shall see further) but it has also become their special mark. It is difficult to say to what extent the instability generated is deliberate, especially in the case of Millais who was far from being a mediocre artist after all."
Abstract This paper examines examples of various tokens, which represented as pre-writing symbols. The author points out what tokens indicate about early civilizations. The paper relates the emergence of new systems of record keeping.
From the Paper "Numerous scholars have presented evidence indicating that tokens often made of clay and presented in various significant sizes markings and shapes were used to keep accounts of financial and other transactions or accounts of grain jars of oil or units of land. These tokens, which appeared in such cultures as that of the Sumerians and other Near Eastern peoples, represented a first step toward the development of a written language as well as a system of numerical record-keeping of ..."
Abstract This paper defines conditions that may prevent or preclude the adult student's successful participation within an Adult Basic Education (ABE) program. These conditions include self-perceptions as limitations of learning and the influences that are imposed upon the adult student through demands found through family and work influences, as well as demands found in policy making. This essay provides a solid introduction to ABE.
From the Paper "Adult Basic Education (ABE) is a process through which education is provided to adult students through a curriculum specifically designed to facilitate specialized needs common to adults. While younger students may benefit from the strategies and techniques offered through ABE, the format has been developed in a manner that best utilized the strengths of an adult student and is structured to avoid challenges that may be proposed via external demands placed on the student's classroom experiences or internalized problems that the adult student may have when encountering educational materials. This paper seeks to define conditions that may prevent or preclude the adult student's successful participation within an ABE program."
Abstract This research relates that pre-hospital care has remained a mere sub-specialty, yet its role in the continuum of medical intervention cannot be understated. The research then looks at the range of activities pre-hospital care covers, the three phases involved, including the basic principles, observers and the activities conducted during the primary and secondary surveys and training as essential for handling road traumas. It also discusses how paramedics can become more responsive to pre-hospital demand, the problems that are currently confronted by pre-hospital care pathways, the current obstacles and problems to pre-hospital teams and how these can be solved or approached.
Outline:
Statement of the Problem
Literature Review
Method (general only)
Summary and Conclusion
Personnel, Sampling, Timetable, Resources, Budget and Clearances for the Study
From the Paper "Weiss also points to public education and media relations as further solutions and approaches to the problems confronted by pre-hospital care. She envisions that working together and educating the public about the emergency medical service system and its correct use, prevention of injury and recognition and correct response to medical emergencies would optimize the delivery of pre-hospital care. She also recommends the creation of an emergency-related website, which can feature emergency medical services and facilities. It can also disseminate first-aid information, access to the system and display helpful information and community resources for public information. The pre-hospital team may also evolve marketing and public relations strategies both in meeting its goals and solving current problems. For example, it may hold a news conference on safety on July 4 or gather young people to discuss violence and violence prevention, identification and action. An emergency medical team and hospital member may present videos on traumatic injury, complemented by the testimonials of survivors and military veterans. Other options are distributing emergency care cards to babysitters and young people for urgent times and the establishment of bicycle safety clinics at retail stores, bicycle shops, among emergency department personnel, police stations and where paramedics are stationed."
Abstract This paper examines how Martin Heidegger, in "Being and Time", examines the existential structures with which Dasein (being) interacts in order to reveal their unification as a structural whole. The paper points out that the phenomenon of 'care' underlies the structural totality of Dasein's being-in-the-world as the fundamental interpretation of itself, through which it is disclosed as being-ahead-of-itself. Furthermore, the state-of-mind of anxiety discloses Dasein's turning away from itself in its 'fallenness' into the world, only to turn back toward itself to realize the possibility of authentic being, as opposed to the inauthentic being provided by the everyday interpretation of Dasein. The primordial interpretation of Dasein's being as care allows the primary differentiation of possibilities, which are enacted through a care structure that both underlies and inhabits existence, facticity and 'fallenness'. The paper concludes that these existential structures are unified through the care structure to delimit an essential definition of the basic state of that entity to which Being is an issue.
From the Paper "The phenomenon of 'care' underlies the structural totality of Dasein's Being-in-the-world as the fundamental interpretation of itself, through which it is disclosed as being-ahead-of-itself. Martin Heidegger, in Being and Time, examines the existential structures that Dasein, as that entity to which its Being is an issue, interacts with to reveal their unification as a structural whole, within which Dasein manifests as a Being-possible. The state-of-mind of anxiety discloses Dasein's turning away from itself in its 'fallenness' into the world, only to turn back toward itself to realize the possibility of authentic Being, as opposed to the inauthentic Being provided by the everyday interpretation of Dasein. The actualization of any possibilities requires that Dasein exist ahead-of-itself in projecting its Being into those possibilities. The primordial interpretation of Dasein's Being as care allows the primary differentiation of possibilities, which are enacted through a care structure that both underlies and inhabits existence, facticity and 'fallenness'. These existential structures are unified through the care structure to delimit an essential definition of the basic state of that entity to which Being is an issue."
Abstract This paper examines the extent to which supplementation with Vitamin C and E may impact the likelihood of developing pre-eclampsia in women with diabetes prior to pregnancy. The paper presents an examination of the causes of pre-eclampsia and hypertension as well as their effects on pregnancy. The literature review focuses on research related to women with pre-existing diabetes primarily, in order to determine whether this puts them at an increased risk for developing complications associated with pre-eclampsia and hypertension during pregnancy.
Outline
Introduction
Causes of Pre-Eclampsia and Hypertension
Problems Associated With Pre-eclampsia and Hypertension
Conclusion
From the Paper "There are many theories related to the causes of pre-eclampsia. Starcevic & Djelmis (2004) point out that gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with a higher risk for developing pre-eclampsia as well as other complications during pregnancy. A study conducted by these researchers showed that pre-eclampsia was more likely to develop in women with Type I diabetes or diabetes pre-existing pregnancy In addition, gestational diabetes (11.4%) was defined as a risk factor for pre-eclampsia (Starcevic & Djelmis, 2004: 367) though this study will focus on diabetes not associated with pregnancy. The authors conclude that improving glycemic control during pregnancy might reduce the risk for developing pre-eclampsia."
Abstract The proposed study consists of a quasi-experimental research design that addresses issues of whether or not pre-planning and pre-paying for final arrangements is perceived by survivors as a cost-effective way of reducing the escalating cost of such arrangements and whether or not survivors believe that pre-paying and pre-planning effectively prevents funeral homes from capitalizing upon the vulnerability of survivors by increasing costs for final arrangements.
From the Paper "It has been theorized that survivors commonly experience a wide range and variety of emotions attendant upon the death of a loved one or significant other (Bern-Klug, Ekerdt & Wilkinson, 1999). Among those emotions are shock, denial, and disorganization. Each of these emotions can contribute significantly to the stressfulness associated with making final arrangements for another person who has been of importance in the survivor's life (Leming & Dickinson, 1990). Other studies have suggested that more often than not, the person or group of people who are directly responsible for either making or overseeing final arrangements are typically in some state of crisis and likely to be overwhelmed by grief (Clark, 1987; Scheible Wolf, 1995). "
Abstract The majority of low birth weight (LBW), pre-term births are preventable with the proper pre-natal care and wise decision making by the birth mother. The paper begins by describing the problems connected with pre-term births, including the high costs, retardation, developmental problems, etc. It then provides demographic statistics about pre-term birth rates in the United States. Finally, the paper proposes a program modeled on a mentoring system, which could be implemented by a local hospital in order to positively effect changes in the LBW among teens and minority families.
From the Paper "Many individual programs have been designed and implemented by individual agencies, but if the at risk population is still not making use of these programs, there will be only small positive effects felt by the women in the highest need of help. In order to draw together the resources with the target community, any program must have a solid theoretical basis, and for this purpose, this proposal turns to the Health Belief Model (HBM). The HBM is a psychosocial model ( Rosenstock, 1990) which is designed to draw together the various resources while at the same time equipping the target population with the needed tools to take advantage of the resources."
Abstract This essay will assume the position that the pre-modern societies of East Asia were isolated and stagnant. It is recognized that this argument is controversial, and dependent upon certain geographical and social assumptions. "isolation" and "stagnation" are relative concepts. It will be seen that two of the main economies of the region - that of China and Japan - possessed flourishing domestic economies and some degree of trade with other economies in the region. However, given the inescapable fact that European colonial powers in this era came to dominate Asia, first economically and then politically, a balanced view of the pre-modern economic history of the region must explain why this came to pass. Key to this explanation is a recognition that, in comparison to the nations of the West, the pre-modern economies of China and Japan were stagnant and isolated.
Tags: ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY (ANCIENT HISTORY) / PRIMITIVE CULTURE (PALEOLITHIC), ANCIENT EMPIRES, economies east asia
Abstract This paper is on the historically based opinions on "is pre-natal screening a new eugenics?" It includes the pros and cons, and composes a position piece. It also defines eugenics, describes the reality and the potential of pre-natal screening, and an opinion on whether this does or could constitute eugenics. It also has the references from Ruth Schwartz Cowan on pre-natal screening, and Garland Allen on the new eugenics.
Abstract Argues that pre-schooling establishes a foundation for a child's future academic and emotional development. Teaching children to love learning. Easing the transition from home to formal school. Learning communication skills as well as cognitive skills. Developing creativity. Discusses the kind of curriculum pre-schools should offer. Ability to evaluate a child's readiness & possible dysfunction.
From the Paper "The Importance of Pre-Schooling
In order to be able to succeed in school, children need to be ready to learn when they enter school. The pre-school years are the most important for teaching a child how to love learning, and pre-schooling is essential in easing the transition from home to school. Pre-schooling is not just about learning numbers and letters; children also learn how to
communicate with others, how to express their feelings and develop their creative educational abilities. Success in pre-school can establish a foundation for a child's later academic and emotional development.
Research supports the idea that some kind of transition program is not only beneficial but critical to preparing children for formal schooling. Bukatko and Daehler contend that "in general, facto..."
Abstract Violent conflict is well documented in human history and certainly appears in many prehistorical finds. The writer provides a systematic and comparative study of warfare from an archaeological perspective. This paper shows that the frequency and severity of war is commensurate and indeed rises with increased complexity of social interactions.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Definition of War
Pre-state and State Societies
Civilization
Prehistoric War
Hebrews: Pre-Monarchy
Hebrew Monarchy
Conclusion
From the Paper "Has the frequency and severity of warfare increased? More specifically, have these levels escalated compared to pre-state societies and societies of state? Firstly, in answering this question a definition of war is proposed, followed by a classification of societies, and a definition of the term 'civilization'. Secondly, details of prestate Hebrew society and their early state civilization will be contrasted. Finally, the contemporary Assyrian state that ultimately dominated the Hebrews is reviewed. In this assessment the essay draws on various historical and archaeological accounts that portray the increased frequency and severity of war."
