Abstract
This paper provides a detailed overview of acids and bases in the pH scale, including the history, characteristics, types, and Ka values with chemistry and biology applications. The paper covers seven main parts: the history starting with the Romans; the definition of both an acid and a base; the characteristics of acids and bases; types of acids and bases; how to determine an acid number; the relationship between acids and bases to the pH scale; and aqueous and self-ionization solutions. I. Introduction A. What do acids and alkalines have in common? 1.To test whether temperature affected the acidity of different liquids. 2. The complexity and fascination of such project. 3. If different types of liquids were utilized, then temperature would certainly make a difference, however minimal. II. History A. The history of acids have dated back centuries. 1. The Romans first coined the term acidus. 2. Lavoisier's work with acids. 3. Predecessors, such as Arrhenius. III. Definition of acid A. The definition of acids have been controversial at times. 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. The Bronsted definition 3. The Lewis definition IV. Characterizing acids in general B. The nature of acids 1. Sourness 2. Dissolving in water V. Types of Acids A. Strong acids 1. Fundamental characteristics. 2. Dangerous 3. Larger Ka values B. Weak acids 1. Fundamental characteristics 2. Smaller Ka values 3. Equilibrium watch VI. Characterizing Bases. A. Bases are the opposite of acids 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. Characteristics B. Strong and weak bases VII. Acidity A. Acid number has a lot of relation to everything else 1. Determining acid number 2. Acid numbers importance B. pH is the epitome of research 1. Aqueous solution 2. Self- ionization 3. Definitions

From the Paper
"What do acids and alkaline truly have in common? The history of the understanding of an acid is relatively old. Dating back to the Roman Empire days, came the word that we derived acid from, acidus, meaning sour. Around the 1800s, French chemists erroneously believed that all acids contained oxygen, including the famed Antoine Lavoisier. Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in the mid 1800s and a Nobel laureate, did a few experimentations with acids, and came up with concocting a definitive, chemically sound definition of an acid. Later on, in the 20th century, the partners Bronsted and Lowry initiated theories about acids using and published the acid-based concept. The most pragmatic research of acids and bases came from the American chemist Gilbert Lewis. Ever since then, the idea of acids and base has been widely recognized, although the definitions of such terms have been rather controversial."

Tags:acid, acidity, acids, alkaline, aqueous, arrhenius, base, bases, biology, chemistry, equilibrium, ka, laviosier, number, ph, romans, scale, sour

Abstract
The paper relates that the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have decided to revise their conceptual frameworks for financial reporting and accounting. The paper notes that, ideally, the present framework of both boards will be broader and expansive so as to develop a conceptual framework, which both Boards can use as an outline for new and revised accounting standards. The paper explains that one key area that is affected is the basis of measurement and its effect on financial reporting. The paper then proceeds to evaluate the different ways that measurement is defined within the conceptual framework. The paper also analyzes the methodologies identified so that choices made in the future can be based on valid recommendations.

Outline:
Introduction
Measurement and Bases of Measurement
Criticisms
Objectives of Financial Reporting and the Bases Choice: Is there a Trade-Off
What Bases Should be Chosen?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Measurement in financial reporting is therefore dependent on a lot of external factors to the organization; which affect the process of integrating it within the conceptual framework of the IASB/FASB. Bullen and Crook (2006) states that measurement will continue to be one of the most challenging aspects of the conceptual framework since neither bodies have a clear cut definition as to what are the necessary bases that should be used nor are there a set of refined guidelines for the use of any bases. The definitions of both bodies are vague, and as such the conceptual framework continues to produce a vague definition."

Tags:conceptual, framework, accounting, standards, IASB, FASB

Abstract
This paper examines Enloe's writing in which she presents a feminist view of international politics. She argues that its landscape, typically thought of as a masculine sphere of life, in reality is less exclusively male. To support that view, she defines the international as personal and goes beyond the traditional formulation of masculinized international politics. It shows how Enloe argues that men in foreign relations depend on the artificial construction of femininity and masculinity as well as on the artificial division between domestic and public realms.

From the Paper
"Consequently, to "make sense of international politics," one needs to look beyond the male dominated sphere of officials who make foreign policy. Assuming that "the personal is international" only enlarges "the audience," according to Enloe, but it does not change "what is going on the stage." She argues for a new, radical view "of what it takes for governments to ally with each other, compete with each other and wage war against each other." To fully understand this feminist view of international politics, one needs to read backward "the personal is international" as "the international is personal" (196). That in turn reveals that governments depend upon certain kinds of allegedly private relationships in order to conduct their foreign affairs. Governments need more than secrecy and intelligence agencies; they need wives who are willing to provide their diplomatic husbands with unpaid services so those men can develop trusting relationships with other diplomatic husbands. They need not only military hardware, but a steady supply of women's sexual services to convince their soldiers that they are manly. To operate in the international arena, governments seek other governments' recognition of their sovereignty; but they also depend on ideas about masculinized dignity and feminized sacrifice to sustain that sense of autonomous nationhood (196-197)."

Tags:military, foreign, relations, masculine

Abstract
This paper critically examines Order 1 which bans the consumption of alcohol on military bases. According to the paper, this regulation is difficult to enforce and therefore ineffective. Various reasons are presented regarding why Order 1 does not work, particularly that it is widely ignored by military personnel. The paper does point out, however, why the order was instituted and its original intention. Then, it uses the example of Camp Bonsteel to show why Order 1 does not work. The paper concludes by stating that General Order 1 is ineffective because it is virtually impossible to enforce.

From the Paper
"General Order 1 is widely ignored and is substantially impossible to police efficiently. Instead of eliminating alcohol consumption among enlisted personnel, General Order 1 merely forces them to fulfill their desire for alcohol off the base, invariably increasing rather than decreasing the range and potential seriousness of problems associated with drinking. While the stated purpose of General Order 1 is perfectly valid, the actual impact of the restriction is more likely to undermine rather than further continual readiness, force protection capabilities, security, health, and welfare of U.S. forces. Similarly, instead of enhancing U.S. relations in the region in a more productive and sanctioned manner, the restriction imposed against alcohol consumption on base actually eliminates potentially positive opportunities to further its stated purpose in that regard in at least two different ways."

Tags:The National Prohibition Act, Volstead Act, alcohol prohibition, US military, Camp Bonsteel

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that a database is a program allowing the user to collect and organize information, and the home user might use this system for a number of purposes, from keeping track of any collection (such as books, videos, magazine articles, lists of any sort, and so on). The writer then looks at the Microsoft Access data base.

From the Paper
"A database also allows the user to search through the data collected on the basis of one or more search terms and one or more types of information. This makes the database program especially powerful for organizing data and for finding a specific item on the list. Databases can also be used for such tasks as counting items or adding together a set of figures, as when a small business uses a database to keep track of sales and has a column for payments made, a ..."

Tags:access, database

Abstract
This paper discusses how the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have decided to revise their conceptual frameworks for financial reporting and accounting. According to the paper, the present framework of both boards will be broader and expansive so as to develop a conceptual framework which both Boards can use as an outline for new and revised accounting standards

From the Paper
"The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have decided to revise their conceptual frameworks for financial reporting and accounting. Ideally, the present framework of both boards will be broader and expansive so as to develop a conceptual framework, which both Boards can use as an outline for new and revised accounting standards. One key area that is affected is the basis of measurement and its effect on financial reporting. The essay below will outline and evaluate the different ways that measurement is defined within the conceptual framework; there will also be a thorough analysis of the..."

Tags:bases, measurement, financial

Abstract
This paper explains that the concept of distance-based education has become one of the most dynamic and fastest-growing segments of both university and graduate level educations; even many educational institutions that once considered themselves to have long histories with traditional classroom-based learning have begun to expand their existing programs because of technology advances like the internet. The author points out that, although, in the past, it was often considered that students learned more in traditionally based programs than in distance-based programs, distance-based educational programs have been shown to be just as difficult as any brick and mortar classroom setting and, in many instances, may actually offer more of a challenge than traditional counterparts. The paper states that success measurements should be getting students enrolled and successfully through the program plus surveys of students and teachers regarding the ease of use and system reliability.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Description and Analysis of Context for the Change
Intervention Plan
Student Requirements General Approach
Student Requirements Rationale/Assumptions/Relationship to the Change Literature
Student Requirements Strategies/Stage/Steps
Student Requirements Players/Roles/Responsibilities
Student Requirements Sequencing Of Effort over 3 to 6 Months
Organizational Development Efforts General Approach
Organizational Development Efforts Rationale/Assumptions/Relationship to the Change Literature
Organizational Development Efforts Strategies/Stage/Steps
Organizational Development Efforts Players/Roles/Responsibilities
Organizational Development Efforts Sequencing of Effort over 3 to 6 Months
Success Indicators

From the Paper
"The world has adjusted to the internet. Consider that local area networking and the internet has changed life to a point where a music download site like KaZaA has approximately one hundred sixty million users worldwide that have downloaded some version of the company's proprietary software. America is now at point where almost all business people are required to check daily emails and their children download internet music and housewives bargain shop on eBay. The advances in technology like file swapping are skills now just taken for granted. The individuals who take these skills for granted are the potential students for a program like this."

Tags:classroom-based, internet, measurement, requirements, systems

Abstract
The paper relates that Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) is founded on the principle that evidence is applied from a scientific method to medical practice. The paper discusses how EBM assesses the evidence to its quality in being an intervention in treatment. The paper relates that there are times when EBM dictates that there is no treatment necessary; "Evidence-based medicine is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients" according to the Center for Evidence Based Medicine (Glasziou, n.d.). The paper further explains that EBM recognizes the many aspects of patient care that are based on judgment rather than scientific evidence, and an example of a judgment in EBM is the quality of life and value of life judgment for the terminally ill.

From the Paper
"Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) is founded on the principle that evidence is applied from a scientific method to medical practice. EBM assesses the evidence to its quality in being an intervention in treatment. There are times when EBM dictates that there is no treatment necessary. "Evidence-based medicine is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients" according to the Center for Evidence Based Medicine (Glasziou, n.d.). EBM recognizes the many aspects of patient care that are based on judgment rather than scientific evidence. An example of a judgment in EBM..."

Tags:evidence, based, medicine

Abstract
The paper discusses the potential benefits of incorporating brain-based, active learning, inquiry-based, hands-on participation and multiple intelligence-based methods of academic instruction in the classroom. The paper proposes a study that will use ordinary television and VHS educational programming as a means of improving learning among primary and secondary students. The paper relates the research questions, an abridged methodology and a timeline.

Outline:
Statement of the Problem and Purpose
Preliminary Literature Review
Research Questions
Abridged Methodology
Timeline

From the Paper
"American education has evolved tremendously between the original one-room schoolhouse of the 19th and early 20th century to it modern incarnation. Instead of combined classrooms for primary and secondary school students, the contemporary American public education system provides progressive, graduated, age-appropriate instruction through the final year of secondary education. The first generation of American students used a single textbook, often sharing it with another classmate. Even throughout most of the last century, students in every grade still used the exact same textbooks as preceding class and the texts themselves updated only after a decade or more of use; in many instances, it was not uncommon that students used the same textbooks as had their parents."

Tags:brain-based, active, learning, inquiry-based, hands-on, participation, television, retention, recall

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of using brain-based education research for teaching adult learners. It examines findings from brain-based research, information regarding the adult learner, and the use of brain-based education for adult learners.

From the Paper
"This research paper presents the importance of using brain-based education research for the teaching of the adult learner. Findings from brain-based research information regarding the adult learner and the ..."

Tags:brain-based research adult learners, education