Abstract
Baseball is America's official past-time, and as such it is far more than a sport. It is an integral part of they country's culture, and in many ways represents the heart and soul of America itself. Baseball is about healthy competition, sportsmanship, teamwork and family entertainment. The paper shows that unfortunately, in recent years, the heroic legacy of Major League Baseball (MLB), and the sacred idol-status of MLB players has been compromised. Unlike the great eras of baseball history, the recent era is not named after joyous baseball events, but rather after an illegal drug. The 'Roid Era, named after steroid drug use, saw its height between 1998-2003 when home run numbers skyrocketed. The paper argues that steroid use in Major League Baseball is unacceptable, and all records which have been set by players using steroids should be stricken from the record books.

From the Paper
"There remains a minority of Americans that believe records of the 'Roid Era should remain intact in baseball history. One defense made in favor of allowing these records to remain is that there have always been "flaws" in baseball, and throughout history the public has turned a blind eye. An example of this includes that Ty Cobb (a legendary baseball player who is in the Hall of Fame) was a racist and murderer; if a murderer can remain in the Hall of Fame, why not steroid users? However, this is a ridiculous defense, because murdering a Black man did not give Cobb an unfair advantage in the game, nor was his racism the reason that he was able to achieve such incredible physical feats."

Tags:abuse, Ty, Cobb, Hall, of, Fame, anti-drug

Abstract
This paper gives the history of the AAGPBL (league represented in the movie "A League of Their Own")and its importance to American history. Paper comes complete with footnotes, graphics and an introduction fitting to today. It deals with the issues of patriotism and equality which drove the women of the team.

From the Paper
"As a result of the tragic occurrences on September 11, 2001 the United States of America has seen a major influx of patriotism and civilian assistance/support. The country has not seen a mobilization of this nature since World War I and II. One group who did their part both then and now are the women of the United States. The following is the story of the All-American Girls Professional (Softball) Baseball League from 1943-1954 - a group of women who fought through the early notions that (feminine) women could not play the masculine sport of baseball while at the same time benefiting the country in both the social and entertainment spheres.

Tags:baseball, bonds, business, girls, history, patriotism, social, sports, war, women, wwii

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the historical details associated with the development and mixed success of baseball's Negro Leagues during the first half of the twentieth century. Tracing the roots of the Leagues back to the post-Civil War era, the author traces the development of the leagues through their high periods of success during World War II up until their eventual integration with major league baseball and eventual dissolution.

From the Paper
"This paper shall discuss some of the historical details associated with the development and mixed success of baseball's Negro Leagues during the first half of the twentieth century. Tracing the roots of the Leagues back to the post-Civil War era, the author will trace the development of the league's through their high periods of success during World War II up until their eventual integration with major league baseball and eventual dissolution. In the history of baseball, one oft-overlooked chapter is the development..."

Tags:baseball, negro, league

Abstract
The writer relates how researching and writing this paper about baseball in Asheville, North Carolina involved the process of finding good sources, determining the validity and quality of their content, and then selecting eight of them to be used. The writer describes how he researched and wrote his paper and how he relied on the Internet to identify potential sources quickly. The writer asserts that the search engine Google was very useful, for it enabled him to access great sources such as the Asheville Tourists' webpage, which had a wealth of information about the team and its long history dating back more than a century.

From the Paper
"Researching and writing my paper about baseball in Asheville, North Carolina involved the process of finding good sources, determining the validity and quality of their content, and then selecting eight of them to be used. As I researched and wrote my paper, I relied on the Internet to identify potential sources quickly. The search engine Google was very useful, for it enabled me to access great sources such as the Asheville Tourists' webpage, which had a wealth of information about the team and..."

Tags:baseball, in, asheville

Abstract
The writer of this paper presents a thorough overview of the baseball phenomenon of the Negro League. It examines the early beginnings of this group in the late 1800's and how this helped integration into the sports arena. It then looks at the highlights of this league and some of the famous players. Finally the writer examines how this league closed and merged with major league baseball.

From the Paper
"The history of the Negro League in baseball has recently received new interest after a half a century of benign neglect. Baseball fans realize that Blacks played baseball before 1974, of course, because they know that Jackie Robinson moved out of the Negro Leagues to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers, thus integrating what most people thought of as "major league baseball." The history of the teams that created Robinson and thousands of other talented athletes deserves more attention."

Tags:sport, baseball, negro, discrimination

Abstract
This paper examines the phenomenon of American sporting culture beginning as far back as the early immigrants who settled in the New World. The author discusses how sports in the United States has progressively taken over a large part of the American psyche, showing insight into U.S. society and culture. The paper includes a discussion of collegiate sports, and women?s sporting events.

From the Paper:

"Overall, sport in America has risen to an almost unrivaled status in American society. To look at American history or culture forces one to take notice that sport has developed hand in had with our society and shaped us into what we are today."

Tags:ethnic, social, college, boxing, puritan, baseball, team, beecher, yale, new, england, plantations

Abstract
This paper analyzes baseball in the United States. The paper reviews Warren Goldstein's "Playing for Keeps: A History of Early Baseball," David Voigt's "America Through Baseball," and John Helyar's "Lords of the Realm". The paper provides an overview of these books about baseball to assess the effectiveness of the authors in their presentations. This is followed by an analysis of Ken Burn's 1994 documentary, "Ken Burns' Baseball," to determine baseball's implications as a product of the broader U.S. society and culture in which it developed, an analysis of the changing social reality of both baseball players and their fans, and an examination of baseball as a social, aesthetic, and religious metaphor.

From the Paper
"On the one hand, the sport of baseball is a fairly simple bat-and-ball game, with just a few primary rules to help run the game. Baseball is played between two teams comprised of nine players each on a field that is marked out in the form of a diamond, with a base at each corner. Players try to hit the thrown baseball with a bat, and the players try to score by completing a circuit of bases. A "home run" is simply a complete circuit of the bases on just one hit. On the other hand, baseball has evolved into something that is much more than just a sport, having assumed the preeminent status of "America's sport," the "president's sport," and "America's favorite pastime." Indeed, many baseball fans have elevated the major stars of the sport to near-godlike status, and despite some rocky times during the last part of the 20th century, the sport appears to be gaining in popularity today."

Tags:sport, athletes, softball

Abstract
The game of baseball has been the calling card of American sports almost since its inception as a team game. This paper looks at the history of baseball, from its beginnings as a casual game called rounders, through its establishment as a game with rules by Alexander Cartwright in 1845 until the first official game in 1846 between the "New York Nine" and the "Knickerbockers". The paper discusses the leagues, teams and clubs which grew in response to the growing popularity of the sport. Finally, the paper shows how baseball has evolved and changed within American history.

From the Paper
"What Spaulding had to say reminds the American historian that the game became a proving ground for national heroes as it went through changes and developments that coincided with the national agenda and culture. It went through WWII when there were few male players around to play and to fill in the fan base the women's league was started and toured the country to a growing fan base. (AAGPBL website 1996) Baseball went through the civil rights era and could be one of the first places where blacks were publicly integrated with whites. (White 1995) Even today baseball continues to evolve as it begins to change to meet the new fan base of today's America."

Tags:Town, Ball, Abner, Doubleday, Elysian, Field

Abstract
This paper explains that, even though it has obvious characteristics that would characterize another industry as a monopoly, the U.S. Congress has granted major league baseball (MLB) an antitrust exemption. However, there have been challenges to this MLB exemption that would open the baseball industry to greater competition. The author examines the standing reasoning behind this antitrust exemption, analyzes some of the major challenges to the exemption and discusses the overall implications and ramifications for this industry and any industry. In conclusion, the paper points out that other sports have persisted despite not having antitrust exemptions, so there is little reason to expect that baseball could not adapt as well.

Table of Contents:
Major League Baseball's Status
Challenges to the Antitrust Exemption
Industry Ramifications and Conclusions

From the Paper
"In 1953, the Supreme Court was granted a chance to correct the anomalous decision that was made in 1922 that granted baseball exemption from antitrust suits. The case was Toolson vs. The New York Yankees. In the case, George Toolson was reassigned from a minor league team to another team. The reserve clause, still in effect at that time, was used by the league as the means to forcibly transfer Toolson. Toolson, apparently, did not want to make the move. He believed that the reserve clause interfered with his ability to manage his own career, a point that was not incorrect."

Tags:competition, reserve clause, collective bargaining, interstate commerce, repeal

Abstract
This paper looks at the history of labor relations in the field of baseball from John Montgomery Ward?s first attempt to form a players' union in 1885 to the 32-day lockout during spring training in 1990. The author points out that the 2002 collective bargaining agreement was successfully negotiated with significant compromises on both sides and without a work stoppage. The paper concludes that this agreement ensures the continued fiscal health of America?s favorite pastime.

Table of Contents
Labor History
1994-1995
2002 Collective Bargaining Agreement

From the Paper
"In addition to higher ticket sales, an estimated 40 percent of this revenue came from the sale of broadcasting rights. Each team received around $18.6 million from national broadcasting revenue. Local broadcasting rights generated additional earnings, although this figure differed widely between cities. The New York Yankees, for instance, received $52 million in local broadcasting revenue while other franchises got less than one-tenth of that figure (Verducci 2002). In any case, a strike and the subsequent loss of broadcasting revenue would represent a significant income loss for both the owners."

Tags:revolving, arbitration, strike, revenue, salary