From the Paper
"This paper will compare and contrast three approaches to teaching reading vocabulary: the language-experience; the basal; and the individualized.
The Language-Experience Approach
In the language-experience approach the child's own language and his environment form the basis of the reading materials and the words to be taught (Jewell & Zintz, 1980). Typically, the teaching procedures in the language experience approach include a written record, which is planned cooperatively by the pupils and the teachers. This plan is kept on a chart known as the experience chart. For example, a record of an experience that the class might have had when finding leaves on a walk they took might read as follows: We went on a walk; we found some pretty leaves; some were red; some were brown; we found yellow leaves."

Abstract
The paper describes the three main types of skin cancer. These are basal cell, squamous cell and melanoma. The paper presents strategies to identify skin cancer and describes what skin conditions are of concern and should be checked out. The paper discusses the four kinds of treatment; surgery, micrographic surgery, low-power laser and liquid nitrogen. The paper discusses ways of prevention and the importance of blocking UV rays even on cloudy days. The paper explains that melanoma is a very serious kind of cancer. The paper relates that melanoma needs to be detected early and treated early, because it can spread quickly into the rest of the body, leading to death. The paper lists the eight risk factors associated with melanoma.

Outline:
What Is Basal Cell Skin Cancer?
How Does Squamous Cell Compare With Basal Cell?
The Latest Information on Skin Cancer
Identifying Skin Cancer
Treating Skin Cancer
Preventing Skin Cancer
Rates of Skin Cancer in Americans
Melanoma and Cancer

From the Paper
"According to the journal Nursing2006 (www.nursing2006.com), basal cell is "the most common type of skin cancer... [and] typically appears on skin that's had a lot of sun exposure over the years, such as face and neck" (Holcomb, 2006). Basal cell is "rarely fatal," according to Holcomb's article, but if not treated promptly, "it can eat away at surrounding skin and bone." It develops in the lowest layer of the skin, "and grows slowly," Holcomb continues. And at first, it appears as a "flat, shiny, yellowish or gray spot of skin," or a "waxy-looking bump with rolled, pearly edges," according to Holcomb, who is an RN and a PhD. It usually doesn't cause pain, and it may bleed occasionally, she writes."

Tags:basal, squamous, cell, melanoma, ultraviolet, rays

Abstract
This paper discusses three basic classifications of skin cancer that exist - basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. It describes each type of skin cancer, its causes and its symptoms. The paper then discusses the similarities that the three types of skin cancer share and the ways that they vary in severity and characteristics.

From the Paper
"Melanoma is dangerous because if undetected it can advance to other parts of the body including organs. Once the cancer spreads it becomes more difficult to treat and even fatal. Melanoma is believed to be somewhat hereditary because in more than half of cases an individual with melanoma had a relative with it as well. People who suffered from basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma are also put on a higher risk of getting melanoma. Once you have been diagnosed with melanoma the next step is to figure out what stage of the disease you have. The stages are in ascending order from the earliest stage (stage one) to the latest more serious stage (stage four). The stages are named due to the thickness of the tumor and how far the tumor has spread in the body (Skin Cancer foundation)."

Tags:basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma

Abstract
This paper discusses how, with the passage of the President Bush's No Child Left Behind Act, the demand for measured performance in school had reached a new high. It looks at how the national standards for educational progress in the United States have been steadily dropping for a number of decades, even though the United States spends more per child on education than most of Western world. It examines how teachers must first build and use a set of standardized, grade-appropriate teaching goals and follow through with ongoing assessments. It shows how these assessments can be flexible enough to engage the child, but ultimately, the standards need to be met if the child is to be ready for the first encounter with standardized tests at the end of second grade.

Outline
Kindergarten
First Grade
Second Grade
Basal Series vs. Literature Driven Approach to Learning

From the Paper
"Basal literature series have been researched and planned to guide the student through this ascending learning process. However, the bases series often do not have adequate materials for in class remediation. (Sigmon, 2003) Basal readers are considered by some to be expensive, but when a school departs for the basal programs, they must perform much of the research in skill building exercised themselves. Luckily, most series today are anthologies or collections of good quality literature. Basal series also do not replace quality hands on teaching interaction between the student and instructor."

Tags:kindergarden, first, second, grade, basal, literature

Abstract
This paper discusses the brain, a wonderful and complex mechanism which is still largely undiscovered territory with infinite possibilities. The writer explains that this infinite capacity is the result of a complex interaction between the structures of our brains; these structures have more than one function. By describing the different areas of the brain and its structures and functions, and explaining with lucid examples from the writer's own experience how these structures are used in everyday life, the paper brings home to the reader with vivid immediacy how the brain controls our whole body.

Outline:
Brain Diagram
The Reticular Formation
The Medulla
The Cerebellum
The Basal Ganglia
The Basal Forebrain
The Basal Forebrain
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex
Brocas's Area
Parietal Lobe
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Wernicke's Area
Corpus Callosum

From the Paper
"The basal ganglia appear to coordinate movement, cognition and voluntary movement. The basal ganglia are located deep inside of the cerebral hemispheres, in the telecephalon area of the brain. The telencephalon area is the anterior portion of the brain. The exact function of the basal ganglia in behavior is not totally established, but it appears to be the "traffic cop" so to speak, that decides which of the actions the cortex may be planning, to act on, to carry out. It is responsible for making sure that movement results in a pleasurable reward; this structure increases activity when the reward is pleasurable, and does not increase activity when the results do not include a reward. This structure has been implicated in Parkinson's Disorder."

Tags:stimulus spatial sulcus impulse pituitary hormone midbrain, spinal cord, pons

Abstract
This paper explains that Liliaceae (Lily) are characterized as being perennial herbs grown from a bulbous root, having leaves that are basal or cauline, often whorled or spiral and sheathing, with a single raceme, or rarely an umbel of solitary flowers as an inflorescence. The author points out that the flowers are perfect, or bisexual, and have flower parts arranged in groups of three sepals, three petals, six stamens, and three fused carpels with a superior ovary. The paper quotes a key description for each species within the genus Lilium found in North Carolina. The paper also quotes graphs for each species which indicates the reason for the rarity and threats, management requirements and economic uses such as being edible, having medicinal and horticultural application. This paper includes many tables, graphs, maps and color pictures.

Table of Contents:
Classification
Liliaceae A.L. de Jussieu
Lilium Linnaeus
Lilium Linnaeus
Lilium Philadelphicum Linnaeus var. Philadelphicum
Lilium Philadelphicum Linnaeus, Wood Lily
Lilium Pyrophilum M.W. Skinner and Sorrie, or Sandhills Bog Lily
Lilium Grayi S. Watson, aka Gray's Lily or Roan Lily,
Lilium canadense Linnaeus ssp. Canadense, aka Yellow Canada Lily,
Lilium canadense Linnaeus ssp. Editorum, aka Red Canada Lily

From the Paper
"Gray's lily is a southern Appalachian endemic that blooms on or around the 4th of July in the balds and forest openings of the Roan Mountain massif of North Carolina and Tennessee. If there is no interbreeding with other Lilium, Lilium grayi may also occupy the higher elevations of the Blue Ridge Mountains, such as the famous Grandfather Mountain in North Carolina, and Mount Rogers and Whitetop Mountain in Virginia. A few populations can be found at elevations lower than 900 meters in streamside meadows along the Blue Ridge Parkway in Alleghany county North Carolina."

Tags:perennial, flowers, color, county, petals

Abstract
This paper explains that, in determining the best practices to teach reading to students who have learning or behavioral disabilities, attention must be paid to both story grammar and basal comprehension to determine the success or failure rate of the method used. The author points out that the use of story mapping is arguably the best practice to use in teaching reading to students of all grade levels because it provides a marked path for the student to follow as he or she makes his way through a story structure. The paper relates that story mapping allows the learning-disabled student to develop skills, which will allow continued success as materials and expectations increase as the student progresses to more advanced reading.

From the Paper
"A study conducted in 1987 regarding the success of story mapping as a method for teaching reading skills to students with learning or behavior disabilities concluded that is one of the most successful methods currently available. In this study, five learning disabled fifth grade students were examined to determine the effect of simple story mapping on their comprehension abilities. Four out of the five students developed definable and significant story mapping ability and demonstrated significant improvement in their story grammar and comprehension skills once they began using the story mapping methods."

Tags:grammar, comprehension, success, path, study

Abstract
This paper examines how Patricia Marr Cunningham and Richard L. Allington's 1998 book, "Classrooms That Work: They Can All Read and Write", has significantly altered the author's opinion of what is involved in literacy instruction. It looks at how, in the book, the authors describe several reading approaches, including phonics and literature-based process writing, The Four Blocks, cross-checking, Guided Reading, Basal Reading, and Individualized Reading.

From the Paper
"Cunningham and Allington's Four Blocks Literacy Model, has been a crucial help in my classroom experience, and has helped me to finely focus my teaching approach, and has broadened my understanding of literacy. The Four Blocks Literacy Model is described in their book and further outlined in their website at www.wfu.edu/~cunningh/fourblocks. At their website, Cunningham and Hall note six critical understandings that are the "building blocks" of successful reading and writing among children. These building blocks include developing a desire to learn to read and write, learning new concepts and adding words and meanings, learning to print concepts like reading from left to write, developing phonemic awareness, learning to read and write words that they find interesting, and learning letters and sounds that are connected to interesting words they have learned previously."

Tags:phonics, literacy, four, blocks, literacy, model

Abstract
This report explains in detail the function, structure and assembly of flagella in E.coli and Salmonella, using plain language and a number of diagrams. Movement (chemotaxis) is the primary function of flagella but its design also incorporates efficient repair capability and antigenic variation. In Salmonella and E.coli the flagellar filament is a homopolymer of flagellin monomers, although other species (such as Helicobacter) build their flagella from mixtures of two types of subunit. All the properties of the functioning filament are reflected in the structure of the flagellin monomer, which has conserved and variable regions, regions targeted by chaperones and coiling enzymes and regions evolved specifically for interaction between monomers. Chemotaxis is driven by a proton motive force (as in oxidative phosphorylation) and the basal complex that converts this energy into rapid rotation of the flagellum is highly complex.

From the Paper
"Many bacteria are motile and exhibit chemotaxis migration through the extracellular medium towards attractants (e.g. carbon sources), and away from repellents (e.g. antibiotics). The majority move using flagella protein structures variable in number and position (Box 1) that generate thrust by rotating like propellers. Flagella are 15nm in diameter and can be observed under light microscopy after thick metal staining or using advanced microscopy techniques such as electron microscopy. Because of the competitive advantages of chemotaxis, there has been strong selection for efficient chemotactic apparatus and flagellar efficiency. The flagellum is based in the bacterial surface layers where a complex array of proteins forms the flagellar motor. Resembling the electric rotary motor and the membrane-bound F1F0-ATPase, and powered by a proton influx across the inner membrane, this highly efficient machine is merely 30nm in diameter. Its mechanism is the subject of ongoing research."

Tags:antigenic, apparatus, bacteria, bacterial, chaperones, chemotaxis, coli, cytoplasmic, escherichia, export, flagellin, flagellum, motile, motility, salmonella, variation

Abstract
This paper offers a recommendation on a biomedical ethics' case concerning passive voluntary euthanasia where the patient's family and health care providers are divided on how to proceed.

From the paper:

"In Case # 6, the dilemma facing the health care provider is whether or not to continue life preserving measures while considering an advance directive (living will), family wishes and disagreement between the Health Care Team on the matter. The patient in this case is a 27-year old male who was left with multiple rib fractures, a pelvic fracture as well as basal skull fractures after a serious motor vehicle accident. The patient?s wife and daughter died as a result. This patient also suffered a brainstem hemorrhage and mild cerebral edema. He is expected to recover from his fractures, though it is not likely he will recover from the head injury, which has left him with no voluntary movement other than vertical movements of his eyes."

Tags:biomedical, care, ethics, euthanasia, health, nursing, philosophy