Abstract
While Phillippe Bourgois' anthropological field study "In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio" is heavily focused on issues of class, culture and economics in East Harlem, the issue of gender relations and gender construction within this cultural frame is also a prominent theme. This paper critically examines Bourgois' representation of gendered identity and how gender is constructed in El Barrio through public displays of forms of masculinity and femininity. It is argued that as traditional Puerto Rican patriarchal authority appears to be collapsing in El Barrio, the residents are improvising new gendered identities.

Tags:respect, culture, barrio

Abstract
The paper examines the book, "Let Me Speak!", which is an autobiographical account of the experiences of Domitila Barrios De Chungara, a poor, Indian housewife and mother from the Siglo XX mines in Bolivia. The paper outlines Domitila's experiences and opinions on the Housewives' Committee of the Siglo XX Mine, her experiences growing up in poverty, the public school system, step parents, organized religion, male attitudes on female political participation, guerrillas, student activists, political parties, peasants, government repression, women's liberation and television.

From the Paper
"In her book, Domitila offers her experience in prison and the resultant death of her child as an example of the brutality she and other women have endured. Accusing her of acting as a guerrilla liaison, government agents jailed and interrogated her regardless of the fact that she was eight months pregnant (145). Angered that she refused to agree to the phony charges against her, she was beaten severely. When she bit her interrogator in an attempt to defend herself, they began to direct their threats at her unborn child (147). The mistreatment caused her to go into labor unaided in her cell, and when she regained consciousness, Domitila found her lifeless son on the floor."

Tags:women, liberation, guerrillas, government, repression, religion

Abstract
This paper explains that, after returning from Africa in the early Thirties, Cartier-Bresson was influenced by the vivacity of primitivism and tried to find its counterpart in some of the poor neighborhoods of Europe. The author points out that the artist's choice of camera, the small-format Leica, allowed Cartier-Bresson the freedom to shoot quickly and with minimal camera resetting time (i.e. advancing film, changing film). The paper relates that the rising presence of magazines and photojournalism in the 1930s generously supported Cartier-Bresson financially and allowed him the economic freedom required for him to travel the world taking pictures.

From the Paper
"The tired, desperate look on the man's face coupled with the look of shock on the face of the drawing, paint a profound picture of desperation. What seems like merely a "snapshot" photograph can be deeply analyzed to reveal an insightful comment on the poverty and hopelessness so prevalent during the depression. In an era when most cameras were large, and bulky, it doesn't seem possible for a photo such as this one to be taken off the cuff and un-posed. But the fact is that Cartier-Bresson's photos were not posed and the next paragraph will discuss how new camera technology allowed him the freedom to take pictures like this one taken in Spain in 1933."

Tags:primitivism, neighborhoods, leica, snapshot, photojournalism

From the Paper
"Ricardo Romo's History of a Barrio: East Los Angeles examines the wave of Mexican immigration into the U.S. during the early part of the twentieth century. He covers the various factors affecting the development of Mexican American communities; more specifically, he examines the resourcefulness of Mexican Americans who attempted to sustain a culture within a culture in the face of economic, social, and political discrimination.

Los Angeles has always depended on Mexican labor, as Romo frequently points out. The Mexican immigrants were good enough as cheap sources of labor, even if they were natively inferior to Anglos, as the commonly accepted sentiment in the early 1900s would have it. The economic interests of north-of-the-border industrialists and land barons were bolstered by inexpensive ..."

From the Paper
"This study will provide a comparative analysis of two books about immigrants' experience in California. Amy Tan's novel, The Joy Luck Club, portrays two generations of Chinese-American women, and Ernesto Galarza's autobiography, Barrio Boy, examines the experiences of Mexican immigrants, especially those of the author as a young male who settled with his family in the barrio of Sacramento. The essence of both works is the authors' intention to honor immigrants' lives, both fictional and factual, and to have the reader appreciate their humanity, heritage, courage and culture. If there is one theme in both works it is the theme of cultural, generational and familial continuity and endurance in the face of clashing cultures and the forces of assimilation. Tan wants the reader to understand the profound and intimate connections between the two generations of mothers and.."

Abstract
The paper discusses how the film "Colors", directed by Dennis Hopper, portrays the real world of gangs, poverty and violence in the barrios and ghettos of Los Angeles, a side of California that most residents have liked to ignore. The paper points out that in California, racial tensions seem higher than many other states, and although the two officers in the film try to make a difference, it is clear that the police are outnumbered and the gangs really control the streets. The paper emphasizes that this film is really about the way people live and survive in the poorest areas of America's cities, and how the rest of the city refuses to acknowledge the problem or do anything about it.

From the Paper
"The stereotypical Californian is beautiful, tanned, blonde, and successful. They lunch in Beverly Hills, work in the film or television industry, own fantastic cars and homes, and live a life of luxury. This film is not about the stereotypical Californian. Instead, it tackles the real world of poverty and violence in the barrios and ghettos of Los Angeles, and it shows the seedier side of the Golden State. The people portrayed in this film are really the true Californians, not the stereotypes people think of when they think of Los Angeles and Hollywood, and their lives are far from what California represents to others. They show a distinct social class and culture in the barrios, built on race, ethnicity, and intolerance, something that has existed in California since whites first came into the area.
"Anyone familiar with California history knows that the Spanish and Mexicans colonized California in the 1700s, taking it over from the resident Native Americans. They created a culture based on the ranchos and haciendas of their native countries, and built up colonies around the missions, founded by the Franciscan friars to bring religion to the "heathen" natives. This culture remained after Americans rushed into the territory when gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill in 1848, but it was diluted as more white Americans rushed into the area, and when it became an American state in 1850."

Tags:gangs, poverty, race, violence, barrios

Abstract
This paper presents the story of three women who were instrumental to Latin American history. The writer explores the contributions of Eva Peron, Sarah Chamberlain Eccleston and Violeta Barrios to illustrate the importance of females in the historical context of the Latin American political arena.

From the Paper
"Another very influential women in the world of Latin American history was Violeta Barrios. Violeta married a prominent Nicaraguan journalist named Pedro Chamorro. He was not only a journalist in the year 1950 when they met he was also acting editor of the La Prensa paper. Because of his political beliefs and his refusal to stop using the paper as a lobbying platform he was jailed many times and spent time in prison as well."

Tags:history, Eva, Peron, Sarah, Chamberlain, Eccleston, Violeta, Barrios, female, feminism, politics, nation, building

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the life and history of Mexicans living in California. According to the paper, a large number of immigrant Mexicans lived in "barrios" where the conditions were unsanitary and the crime rate high. The paper takes a look at how these conditions prevailed, and how life for Mexicans living in the USA, eventually improved.

From the Paper
"Much did not change for the Mexicans from the 1940s to 1960s, with discrimination and segregation continuing to be the norm. Many school districts continued to send children to Mexican schools, based on the theory that the students were such slow learners they would hold back white student levels. In 1944, the parents of nine-year-old Sylvia Mendez' moved to the largely non-Hispanic white community of Westminster in Orange County and tried unsuccessfully to enroll her in the neighborhood school. This school was a source of community pride and the ramshackle Mexican school was located adjacent to a dairy farm (Hayes-Bautista, 2004, p. 24). Her father won the case, but only by a loophole."

Tags:civil, rights, community, discrimination, education, poverty, immigration, segregation

Abstract
The paper analyzes friendships and how kinships have changed over time. The writer discusses how social scientists have searched for meaning in the structure of greater society, groups of individuals, and family orientations to find meaning in the relationships that color a person's life. The paper further examines how it is not merely the amity of two individuals, but a larger set of interactions and histories that combine to create the possibility for friendship. The paper concludes with new definitions of friendships that technology and the internet have created.

From the Paper
"Bell and Coleman assert a view of friendship in which the foundation of the relationship is both voluntary and private. They argue that "friendship becomes a special relationship between two equal individuals involved in a uniquely constituted dyad." Because they view friendship as the voluntary establishment of a relationship between two autonomous individuals, why those specific individuals chose to form a friendship is important."

Tags:Puerto, Rican, Bourgois, Bell, Coleman

From the Paper
"In the novel Famous All Over Town, Danny Santiago writes about the barrio in East Los Angeles, a whole world away from the experience of most of the residents of the city. The author details the life of this subculture, how it has developed as a reflection of the culture of Mexico and how the original culture is challenged and altered in the American context. The life of the barrio is presented here as difficult and even dangerous, producing generation after generation of angry and defiant youth who strike back at all of society for the world into which they have been born. One of the themes in this novel related to the production of these angry young people is parenting and the way young people come to see their parents in a new light as they (the children) grow up and measure their reality against the ideal they have been taught and against the image projected by ... "