Abstract
The paper explains that the Barnum effect refers to one's tendency to accept very vague or general statements to be accurate characterizations of oneself. The paper discusses how graphology and psychometric tests can cause people to get a false or skewed opinion of themselves. The paper further discusses how being cautious of all-purpose descriptions that could apply to anyone, being wary of selective perceptions, and resisting flattery will help an individual be protected from the Barnum effect.

From the Paper
"The Barnum Effect is named after a circus showman, P.T. Barnum, who believed that to "have a little something for everybody" is an indispensable ingredient to success (Snyder & Shenkel, 1975, as cited in faxed material). As a term used in Psychology, Barnum effect refers to one's tendency to accept very vague or general statements to be accurate characterizations of oneself. It is the underlying principle in astrology, horoscope, palm reading, tarot reading, crystal ball gazing, graphology (handwriting analysis), and some psychometric tests.
"Many psychologists are alarmed, knowing that people are susceptible to Barnum Effect and that stimuli are ubiquitous. If people regard graphology and other forms of "general" assessments as non-insightful but entertaining, then concern would be limited. Yet many people even seek out such as "guidance"--believing the claims, influencing their actions, and thus affecting the way they live."

Tags:graphology, psychometric, tests, perceptions, flattery, bias

Abstract
This paper summarizes two entries from "The Skeptic's Dictionary": "Occam's Razor" and "Hidden Persuaders". The latter includes such concepts as the Barnum effect and gambler's fallacy.

From the Paper
"The entry "Occam's Razor" in "The Skeptic's Dictionary" describes the minimalist principle named for William of Ockham who employed it frequently in his writings. The principle essentially posits that no more complexity or plurality should be applied in any solution than is absolutely necessary, a concept that echoes Aristotle's idea that the more perfect a nature is, the fewer means it requires for its operation. According to the entry, this principle has been applied to a variety of theological and philosophical..."

Tags:Occam's Razor, Hidden Persuaders, The Skeptics Dictionary, Barnum effect, gambler's fallacy

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of the Coney Island area historically and as a symbol of New York City. The first section deals with the rich history of Coney Island, beginning as a hotel resort for New Yorkers to visit during vacations. Coney Island landmarks, such as the Coney Island Elephant Hotel and The Iron Tower are discussed with their individual history given. The competition among New York businessmen to develop the area is also investigated, showing how rivals would fight each other viciously over the prime real estate. The paper then talks about the amusement park era and how Coney Island began to transform itself into a nationally recognized location. A section of the paper is also dedicated to the famous Coney Island Freak Show. Finally, the historical section of the paper ends with the lag in business that hit the area after World War II and how Coney Island exists in modernity as a throwback to past generations. The second section of the paper deals with how Coney Island has become a center of cultural pride for New Yorkers.

From the Paper
"Coney Island represented a shift from the old Victorian mentality that many New Yorkers felt during most of the 1800s and into a new outlook of association that contained all citizens of New York City, not just the rich. The privilege of enjoyment was no longer reserved for those with money, but the low prices and massive amount of commercialism that Coney Island would become famous for would aid in the evolution of the city into becoming the representation of all that is America. In light of this optimism, Coney Island also had a darker side. Despite the cultural diversity and economic success the amusement center produced, the achievements concealed the exploitation of certain groups and the corruption that went along with the construction of such a major center of entertainment."

Tags:amusement, barnum, george, john, mckane, parks, pt, shows, tilyou