Abstract
This paper approaches three examples of modern architecture that seem dissimilar at first, Sidney Smith Hall at the University of Toronto, the Villa Savoye near Paris, and what is known as the Barcelona Pavilion. The paper holds that despite their different purposes, they are similar structures according to principles of the modern movement. To conclude, it states that Sidney Smith Hall is significant in a Toronto environment much given to the preservation of architectural heritage, but that has often failed to appreciate its examples of the modern style.

Outline:
Introduction
Sidney Smith Hall, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street
Villa Savoye, Poissy, nr. Paris 1920-1930 (Le Corbusier)
German Pavilion, Barcelona Exposition, (Mies van der Rohe)
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"As an example of the International Style much pursued by the modern movement, one realizes that the same structure with minimal adjustment could be placed anywhere. (See Khan 1998) Erected in any country in the world, Sidney Smith Hall would offer the same economy of line combined with a feeling of spaciousness and accessibility, its terrace areas suited to the climate of a central Canadian city as much as entirely different settings. This theme of universality was a favourite of both Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier as discussed below. (Padovan 45-48) As a contribution to the international style, Sidney Smith Hall may have shown its ongoing adaptability in the 2003 enclosure of one terrace that was opposed by some but does not seem to have altered greatly the sense of access the architect intended."

Tags:building, Villa Savoye, Poissy, German Pavilion, Barcelona Exposition, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier

Abstract
This paper analyzes Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Exposition Address". The discussion and analysis of the rhetorical elements of the speech ultimately convey the argument of this paper, which posits that, through the use of rhetorical elements, Washington managed to create an impression that he is for the emancipation of black Americans from slavery, but does not discount the fact that their emancipation means the continuing control of white Americans over the black Americans.

From the Paper
"One of the primary steps towards identifying the elements that will be studied for the rhetorical analysis is to first identify the audience of Washington's speech. This is vital, since the meanings explicitly and implicitly expressed through the style and rhetorical figures utilized in the speech will be applied in the context of the speaker's target audience. Analysis of the speech shows that it has the white (Northern and Southern whites) and black Americans (slaves and freemen) as his primary and target audiences. Reference to the white American audience is expressed in paragraphs 1 to 3, wherein the speaker entices them through the phrase, "Cast down your bucket where you are," in order to entice the white Americans to cooperate with the American society (black Americans, specifically) in the path towards abolishment of and emancipation from slavery. Black Americans, meanwhile, are also targeted in the speech, and Washington includes his fellowmen to discuss how emancipation can be both a privilege and challenge for their community."

Tags:northern, southern, black

Abstract
This paper looks at the history of engineering education in the United States and the ways that engineering, and thus engineering schools, continue to improve life for each one of us. However, one cannot understand why engineering school began to assume greater and greater importance in the second half of the 19th century in the United States without considering the historical context of engineering and of engineering education. It shows how the Centennial Exposition of 1876 gave a boost to engineering education, but this was only because people were already prepared to reconsider the place of engineering in the United States.

From the Paper
"A decade in the planning, sprawling across 450 acres (and costing the then-unbelievable sum of over $11 million), the exposition welcomed over 10 million people. And the most popular draw to all visitors to the exposition was the was Machinery Hall, where viewers were given intimate glimpses into the working models of steam engines and dynamos. The exposition was in many ways a boosterish celebration of the coming of age of the United States as an world industrial power and the impression that this display made on both universities and young people was substantial. "The Centennial Exposition in 1876 in Philadelphia was responsible for a national quickening in mechanical matters and for a growing sense of latent power," wrote Frederick Remsen Hutton in the 1915 A History of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers from 1880 to 1915."

Tags:engine, war, railroad

Abstract
This paper explains that, after returning from Africa in the early Thirties, Cartier-Bresson was influenced by the vivacity of primitivism and tried to find its counterpart in some of the poor neighborhoods of Europe. The author points out that the artist's choice of camera, the small-format Leica, allowed Cartier-Bresson the freedom to shoot quickly and with minimal camera resetting time (i.e. advancing film, changing film). The paper relates that the rising presence of magazines and photojournalism in the 1930s generously supported Cartier-Bresson financially and allowed him the economic freedom required for him to travel the world taking pictures.

From the Paper
"The tired, desperate look on the man's face coupled with the look of shock on the face of the drawing, paint a profound picture of desperation. What seems like merely a "snapshot" photograph can be deeply analyzed to reveal an insightful comment on the poverty and hopelessness so prevalent during the depression. In an era when most cameras were large, and bulky, it doesn't seem possible for a photo such as this one to be taken off the cuff and un-posed. But the fact is that Cartier-Bresson's photos were not posed and the next paragraph will discuss how new camera technology allowed him the freedom to take pictures like this one taken in Spain in 1933."

Tags:primitivism, neighborhoods, leica, snapshot, photojournalism

From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
Studies of Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona Pavilion concentrate on the architect's innovative spatial concept. The fluid, continuous space and the carefully considered reduction of the interior-exterior distinction made the Pavilion a landmark in architectural history. Less attention has been paid to the vital role that natural illumination plays in Mies' concept. Working with very little electrical light and with reflections from water and the varied materials of the walls and windows, Mies created a refuge from the blistering Spanish sun that is, paradoxically, lit primarily by sunlight.

COMMISSION, SITE, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS
The German Pavilion at the Barcelona International Exposition of 1929 was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The.."

Abstract
The paper examines the work "Permanent Property" by Zhang Ying and delves into the background of the author. In order to understand and understand this work, the paper first looks at the historical period during the during the Qing Dynasty, and then continues to analyze the social and historical significance of the work.

From the Paper
"This piece was written by Zhang Ying, who was a prominent public officer. Ying lived in the fertile and productive area of Anhui province, during the Qing Dynasty. To examine this piece of writing, we must first look at the historical time, and then examine the social and historical significance of the passage. This will enable us to fully appreciate the significance of the writing of Zhang Ying. The historical period was the Qing Dynasty, 1644-1911. This was an especially interesting time in Chinese history."

Tags:qing, dynasty, source

Abstract
This paper explains that the Barcelona Declaration, and the Barcelona Process that came out of it, marks a new phase in Europe's foreign policy. It explores how this is a stage in which the European Union is announcing that it cannot afford the continuing conflict in the Middle East and that peace is the only option. This peace is an important factor in the EU's foreign and security policy. It concludes that, even though the EU is not challenging the role of the United States, it is working for peace, not just following in the U.S.'s footsteps.

From the Paper
"The reason why the European Union is placing a high level of importance on the Middle East Peace process is that it is related to its own security. This is admitted in the Common Foreign and Security Policy, and explained in the EU's 1999 statement on peace in the Middle East. As the CFSP openly seems to declare, the security interests of the EU cannot be divorced from the Middle East situation, not just because of the close geographic relation between them but because this area provides the EU with the majority of its energy needs and counts as a major trade partner, not to mention a leading source of investment in Europe (16). Therefore, the close geographic and economic relations between the two regions have placed the EU in a position in which it needs to give a status of priority to the Middle East Peace process. It is as such that the EU's resolution on peace in the Middle East firmly calls for the establishment of a Palestinian state, the removal of illegal Israeli settlements and the return of all occupied Arab territories (""EU European Parliament: Resolution ..."). The fact that the EU stresses these points is because it understands that the realizing of these goals is the only way to stabilize the region, thereby creating a peaceful and stable neighborhood for the EU."

Tags:barcelona, middle, east, peace

Abstract
This paper discusses Barcelona's famous architect, Antonio Gaudi. The intrinsic relationship between the city and the architect is explored in the paper. The paper presents a brief biography of Gaudi and examines the general characteristics, influences, and styles of his work and creations. The paper describes three of Gaudi's many projects in Barcelona: the Sacred Family (La Sacrada Familia), La Pedrera (Casa Mila), and the Guell Park.

From the Paper
"As some who has visited Barcelona, one would perhaps always remember the historical area around Los Ramblas, the old Gothic Cathedral or the Olympic Stadium, as well as the special charm of the city, proud in its Catalan spirit, but there is little chance that something is likely to impress you more than the presence of Antoni Gaudi in the city, his modernist creations, his dedication to the city and, even more so, the intrinsic relationship between the city and the architect. Indeed, Gaudi has only worked and created in Barcelona and the city represented to Gaudi something that Aix-en Provence was for another artistic genius, Cezanne : place of inspiration and artistic evolution, but probably also the only place where the interior effervescence could be properly exploited."

Tags:cathedral, buildings, artist

Abstract
This paper relates that Atoni Gaudi, who lived in Spain between 1852 through 1926, is considered one of the most famous architects of the world and that when visiting Barcelona, one cannot escape the defining and enhancing architecture of Gaudi. The paper looks at how Gaudi's work blends the most familiar traditional styles, such as Gothic and Moorish, with the more modern styles of Catalan Modernisme and Art Nouveau. The paper also examines how Gaudi's most dominant influence in the art world and on the impact of architecture was his use of curvature forms and colors that were emulated from nature. Though the construction of his buildings was keenly unique and yet rigidly logical, both the interior and exterior of his buildings and their accompanying landscapes are exquisitely beautiful and breathtakingly bizarre.

Outline:
Gaudi's Humble Early Life
Gaudi's Years as a "Dandy"
The Historical Context of Gaudi's World
Gaudi's Style and Vision: Modern Industrial Design
Casa Vicens and Villa El Capricho and Earlier Architectural Works
Palau Guell
The College of Santa Teresa de Jesus
Casa Calvet and Casa Batllo
Park Guell
Casa Mila Also known as La Pedrera
Sagrada Familia: The Church of the Sacred Family
Gaudi's Other Notable Works
An Innovative Use of Materials
The Modernisme Movement
An Artist of Many Styles And Innovator of His Own
International Recognition of Gaudi's Architecture Slowly Unfolded
The Film Antonio Gaudi

From the Paper
"The beauty and extravagance of Gaudi's architecture is plotted all over Barcelona. Just as Gaudi's architecture became more and more like sculptures, Barcelona became more like a sculpture because of Gaudi's architecture. As his style transformed and became inclusive of many styles, Gaudi eventually gained legendary status even though in the later part of his life he lived as a recluse who was very dedicated and devoted to his pious Catholic rituals. Seemingly paradoxical, Gaudi is credited for freeing architecture from the rigidity of straight lines and right angles while in his later years, his bold and inventive designs would demonstrate ingenuity in their precise engineering. Even today, artists, historians, and fellow architects marvel at his ability to design with such expansive and whimsical freedom while creating romantically sculptured buildings that are engineering marvels."

Tags:Palau, Guell, Santa, Teresa, de, Jesus, Park, Guell