Abstract
This paper explains that 1992 Olympiad in Barcelona was beneficial for the city; however, it did not live up to the developers' expectations. The paper describes the economic factors, which play a major role in organizing such a large scale event, that helped regenerate the city and countryside with new facilities and infrastructure. The paper also explains that the social impact of the Games on Barcelona must be evaluated further in terms of the lack of consistency in job opportunities and a regression in the tourists and trade industries. In the political arena, the paper points out that this Olympiad marked the end of the Cold War, the demise of the Soviet Union and the unification of Germany.

From the Paper
"Aside from the economic and social aspects taken into consideration so far, the Olympic Games also had a political impact. The tradition of the Games sometimes considered that in fact, during the period of the Ancient Greeks, the inventors of the Olympiads, wars were stopped in order to organize the Games. Although there are many doubts concerning the validity of this statement, the idea that the Games stand for peace and unity in an environment framed by a culture of the world is essential for the way in which the idea of the Olympic spirit is moved forward."

Tags:beijing, regeneration, infrastructure, construction, expectations

Abstract
This paper explains that, after returning from Africa in the early Thirties, Cartier-Bresson was influenced by the vivacity of primitivism and tried to find its counterpart in some of the poor neighborhoods of Europe. The author points out that the artist's choice of camera, the small-format Leica, allowed Cartier-Bresson the freedom to shoot quickly and with minimal camera resetting time (i.e. advancing film, changing film). The paper relates that the rising presence of magazines and photojournalism in the 1930s generously supported Cartier-Bresson financially and allowed him the economic freedom required for him to travel the world taking pictures.

From the Paper
"The tired, desperate look on the man's face coupled with the look of shock on the face of the drawing, paint a profound picture of desperation. What seems like merely a "snapshot" photograph can be deeply analyzed to reveal an insightful comment on the poverty and hopelessness so prevalent during the depression. In an era when most cameras were large, and bulky, it doesn't seem possible for a photo such as this one to be taken off the cuff and un-posed. But the fact is that Cartier-Bresson's photos were not posed and the next paragraph will discuss how new camera technology allowed him the freedom to take pictures like this one taken in Spain in 1933."

Tags:primitivism, neighborhoods, leica, snapshot, photojournalism

From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
Studies of Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona Pavilion concentrate on the architect's innovative spatial concept. The fluid, continuous space and the carefully considered reduction of the interior-exterior distinction made the Pavilion a landmark in architectural history. Less attention has been paid to the vital role that natural illumination plays in Mies' concept. Working with very little electrical light and with reflections from water and the varied materials of the walls and windows, Mies created a refuge from the blistering Spanish sun that is, paradoxically, lit primarily by sunlight.

COMMISSION, SITE, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS
The German Pavilion at the Barcelona International Exposition of 1929 was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The.."

Abstract
This paper approaches three examples of modern architecture that seem dissimilar at first, Sidney Smith Hall at the University of Toronto, the Villa Savoye near Paris, and what is known as the Barcelona Pavilion. The paper holds that despite their different purposes, they are similar structures according to principles of the modern movement. To conclude, it states that Sidney Smith Hall is significant in a Toronto environment much given to the preservation of architectural heritage, but that has often failed to appreciate its examples of the modern style.

Outline:
Introduction
Sidney Smith Hall, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street
Villa Savoye, Poissy, nr. Paris 1920-1930 (Le Corbusier)
German Pavilion, Barcelona Exposition, (Mies van der Rohe)
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"As an example of the International Style much pursued by the modern movement, one realizes that the same structure with minimal adjustment could be placed anywhere. (See Khan 1998) Erected in any country in the world, Sidney Smith Hall would offer the same economy of line combined with a feeling of spaciousness and accessibility, its terrace areas suited to the climate of a central Canadian city as much as entirely different settings. This theme of universality was a favourite of both Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier as discussed below. (Padovan 45-48) As a contribution to the international style, Sidney Smith Hall may have shown its ongoing adaptability in the 2003 enclosure of one terrace that was opposed by some but does not seem to have altered greatly the sense of access the architect intended."

Tags:building, Villa Savoye, Poissy, German Pavilion, Barcelona Exposition, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier

Abstract
This paper explains that the Barcelona Declaration, and the Barcelona Process that came out of it, marks a new phase in Europe's foreign policy. It explores how this is a stage in which the European Union is announcing that it cannot afford the continuing conflict in the Middle East and that peace is the only option. This peace is an important factor in the EU's foreign and security policy. It concludes that, even though the EU is not challenging the role of the United States, it is working for peace, not just following in the U.S.'s footsteps.

From the Paper
"The reason why the European Union is placing a high level of importance on the Middle East Peace process is that it is related to its own security. This is admitted in the Common Foreign and Security Policy, and explained in the EU's 1999 statement on peace in the Middle East. As the CFSP openly seems to declare, the security interests of the EU cannot be divorced from the Middle East situation, not just because of the close geographic relation between them but because this area provides the EU with the majority of its energy needs and counts as a major trade partner, not to mention a leading source of investment in Europe (16). Therefore, the close geographic and economic relations between the two regions have placed the EU in a position in which it needs to give a status of priority to the Middle East Peace process. It is as such that the EU's resolution on peace in the Middle East firmly calls for the establishment of a Palestinian state, the removal of illegal Israeli settlements and the return of all occupied Arab territories (""EU European Parliament: Resolution ..."). The fact that the EU stresses these points is because it understands that the realizing of these goals is the only way to stabilize the region, thereby creating a peaceful and stable neighborhood for the EU."

Tags:barcelona, middle, east, peace

Abstract
This paper discusses Barcelona's famous architect, Antonio Gaudi. The intrinsic relationship between the city and the architect is explored in the paper. The paper presents a brief biography of Gaudi and examines the general characteristics, influences, and styles of his work and creations. The paper describes three of Gaudi's many projects in Barcelona: the Sacred Family (La Sacrada Familia), La Pedrera (Casa Mila), and the Guell Park.

From the Paper
"As some who has visited Barcelona, one would perhaps always remember the historical area around Los Ramblas, the old Gothic Cathedral or the Olympic Stadium, as well as the special charm of the city, proud in its Catalan spirit, but there is little chance that something is likely to impress you more than the presence of Antoni Gaudi in the city, his modernist creations, his dedication to the city and, even more so, the intrinsic relationship between the city and the architect. Indeed, Gaudi has only worked and created in Barcelona and the city represented to Gaudi something that Aix-en Provence was for another artistic genius, Cezanne : place of inspiration and artistic evolution, but probably also the only place where the interior effervescence could be properly exploited."

Tags:cathedral, buildings, artist

Abstract
This paper relates that Atoni Gaudi, who lived in Spain between 1852 through 1926, is considered one of the most famous architects of the world and that when visiting Barcelona, one cannot escape the defining and enhancing architecture of Gaudi. The paper looks at how Gaudi's work blends the most familiar traditional styles, such as Gothic and Moorish, with the more modern styles of Catalan Modernisme and Art Nouveau. The paper also examines how Gaudi's most dominant influence in the art world and on the impact of architecture was his use of curvature forms and colors that were emulated from nature. Though the construction of his buildings was keenly unique and yet rigidly logical, both the interior and exterior of his buildings and their accompanying landscapes are exquisitely beautiful and breathtakingly bizarre.

Outline:
Gaudi's Humble Early Life
Gaudi's Years as a "Dandy"
The Historical Context of Gaudi's World
Gaudi's Style and Vision: Modern Industrial Design
Casa Vicens and Villa El Capricho and Earlier Architectural Works
Palau Guell
The College of Santa Teresa de Jesus
Casa Calvet and Casa Batllo
Park Guell
Casa Mila Also known as La Pedrera
Sagrada Familia: The Church of the Sacred Family
Gaudi's Other Notable Works
An Innovative Use of Materials
The Modernisme Movement
An Artist of Many Styles And Innovator of His Own
International Recognition of Gaudi's Architecture Slowly Unfolded
The Film Antonio Gaudi

From the Paper
"The beauty and extravagance of Gaudi's architecture is plotted all over Barcelona. Just as Gaudi's architecture became more and more like sculptures, Barcelona became more like a sculpture because of Gaudi's architecture. As his style transformed and became inclusive of many styles, Gaudi eventually gained legendary status even though in the later part of his life he lived as a recluse who was very dedicated and devoted to his pious Catholic rituals. Seemingly paradoxical, Gaudi is credited for freeing architecture from the rigidity of straight lines and right angles while in his later years, his bold and inventive designs would demonstrate ingenuity in their precise engineering. Even today, artists, historians, and fellow architects marvel at his ability to design with such expansive and whimsical freedom while creating romantically sculptured buildings that are engineering marvels."

Tags:Palau, Guell, Santa, Teresa, de, Jesus, Park, Guell

Abstract
This paper takes the position that the more interesting and pressing question is not the way in which the European nations will benefit from membership in the E.U., but how the development of the E.U. will influence the foreign policy framework of the region. The author points out that the Barcelona Declaration and the Barcelona Process, which came out of it, marks a new phase in Europe's foreign policy in which the European Union is announcing that it cannot afford the continuation of conflict in the Middle East and that peace is the only option. The paper relates that the Barcelona Declaration is ambitious because it basically aims to reshape the Middle East in economic and political terms, democratizing its political systems, liberalizing its economies, and promoting stable peace; these aims require a great deal of time, effort, and economic support from the E.U.

Table of Contents
Barcelona Declaration
Goal of the Barcelona Declaration
Democratization Policy
Conflict Resolution
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As stated in a paper prepared by the Research Group on European Affairs, a number of international factors determined the signing of the Barcelona Process in 1995. In the first place, changes in the international political atmosphere and increasing conflict, transitions and even destabilizations of countries in Eastern Europe, the Southern Mediterranean and North Africa, forced the Union to reconsider the nature of "its foreign policy making instruments". That is the EU had to re-define its foreign policy and the way that it planned and carried out this foreign policy so that it would be more in line with the changing international political atmosphere. In the second place, the continuation of instability and social, economic and political problems in the Middle East, which the United States took the lead in resolving and was failing to do so, was having a negative influence on the EU itself, on both the economic and political levels."

Tags:barcelona, destabilization, framework, peace, democratizing

Abstract
This paper provides an introduction of the ideology of anarchism, where the government is typically perceived as evil as well as wholly unnecessary. It includes a background to the development of the theory and its main principles and assumptions. It also looks at a number of key examples throughout history such as Barcelona during the Spanish Civil war and the Paris Commune as well as the current standing of anarchism today.

From the Paper
"The individual within the Anarchism ideal is thus rational, but must also be to an extent compassionate, as Buchanan proposes in "The Limits of Liberty" individuals should be "dictated by mutual tolerance and respect." So with this understanding of the individual within anarchic society as a basis, a perception of Anarchism can be developed. Anarchy is most often defined as the "Lack of a centralized authority." Government is typically perceived as evil as well as wholly unnecessary. This can often have negative connotations, suggesting a lack of social direction and stability. Yet as Herbert Read proposes in his script, "Anarchy and Order," anarchy "is ambiguous" for . . . "without ruler," the literal meaning of the root of the word, is not necessarily "without order," the meaning often loosely ascribed to it.""

Tags:barcelona, commune, godwin, paris, collectivism, freedom

Abstract
This is a brief analysis of Picasso work in the first half of the 20th Century. It looks at the progress of his work and what influenced them. From his time in Paris to his stint in Barcelona, this paper offers insight to the first half of Picasso's incredible career.

From the Paper
"Pablo Picasso s literary friends, Guillaume Apollinaire and Alfred Jarry, influenced his work. These new acquaintances, whom he met in Paris after his return in 1904, influenced three, if not more, paints: Women in a Chemise (1905), Self-portrait (1906), and Ubu (1937). The Women in a Chemise and Ubu were attributed to the artistically written piece of both men, but Self-portrait might have been a response to a review, of Picasso, by Apollinaire. Picasso s association with these two gentlemen can be seen in some of his work."

Tags:cubism, picasso, art, paint