Abstract
George Gmelch and Sharon Bohn Gmelch examine the continuities and discontinuities in the village life in St. Lucy, which is Barbados' northern and most rural parish. In many respects, this is an ethnographic and social study. The authors discover that the citizens are not as isolated and estranged from the world as many stereotypes would have it. In many respects, there are positive as well as negative features to this reality. On the one hand, globalization helps keep the island economically afloat, but at the same time the forces of the free market hurt the island in a cultural and economic sense as well.

Abstract
Carla S. Freeman described the importance of fashionable clothing to new data entry work done by Barbadian women due to globalization. (2000) Traditional and new class divisions; respectability versus reputation as axis of British-influenced culture versus Afro-Caribbean culture; women's mixed feelings about work that does bring them some respectability and also flexibility. some reference to (2005) work on the new Middle class in Barbados.

From the Paper
Clothing, Dress & Professionalism - Carla S. Freeman & Barbadian Informatics Workers. Introduction Carla S. Freeman studied Barbadian women employed in outsourced informatics firms as part of a number of shifts brought by globalization. (2000) In High Tech & High Heels in the Global Economy - Women, Work and Pink Collar Identities in the Caribbean, she has provided much detail on a new working cum low middle class culture that involves young women as well as mature householders pleased by employment opportunities they find tedious but also sources of respectability. Freeman explains a traditional

Tags:freeman, barbados, data workers

Abstract
The paper explains that both Cuba and Barbados became important sources of agricultural products for their respective colonial powers, Spain and Britain, and both developed a plantation system which included the use of African slaves. The paper then compares the economy of two of those colonies, and shows how the British colony of Barbados differed in many economic factors from the Spanish colony of Cuba.

Outline:
The Beginning of a Spanish Colony: Cuba
An English Colony - Barbados

From the Paper
"The Spanish explored and established colonies in many places in the New World beginning at a very early date. Christopher Columbus first stopped in Cuba on his second voyage. Cuba's settlement began in 1511 when Diego Velasquez and 300 men were sent from Hispaniola."
"The island was home to many Tainos tribesmen, who resisted Spanish rule, but were easily and quickly conquered. By 1517 Cuba was divided into municipal divisions, each of which was run by a council that reported to a royal council back in Spain."

Tags:plantation, slaves, mercantilism, paternalism, settlers

Abstract
The paper looks at the economies of Cuba and Barbados in the 16th and 17th centuries to provide a comparison of British and Spanish policies in the Caribbean region. This paper focuses on the economy of these two colonies, particularly as it relates to the trade policies of these colonial powers and the social and economic systems which developed on each island as a result.

From the Paper
"Spain and Britain were two of the most important colonial powers to own colonies in the Caribbean during the 16th to 18th centuries. Both would own several colonies. This report will compare the economy of two of those colonies, Cuba and Barbados. These two were selected because the two islands both became important sources of agricultural products for their respective colonial powers, both became sources of similar agricultural products and both developed a plantation system, which included the use of African slaves."

Tags:barbados, cuba, mercantilism

Abstract
This paper discusses the development and structure of Bajan, the Creole language of Barbados. It examines the development of the Barbadian culture that gave rise to Bajan. It highlights the linguistic components of Bajan. The author also focuses on Bajan as a rhotic language.

Tags:Linguistics, Creole, Bajan, Barbados

Abstract
The paper discusses how the pre-conquest cultures of the Caribbean were necessarily distinct, owing to the diversity of their island landscapes, from the rugged mountains of Haiti to the tropical beaches of Barbados. The paper notes that although we know very little about indigenous Caribbean cultural practices due to the paucity of archeological remains (Denevan 64), we do know that farming and fishing practices (which ranged from cultivation of maize and cassava to pineapple), as well as domestic architecture, differed between the islands (Denevan 65, Williams 28).

From the Paper
"The pre-conquest cultures of the Caribbean were necessarily distinct, owing to the diversity of their island landscapes, from the rugged mountains of Haiti to the tropical beaches of Barbados. Although we know very little about indigenous Caribbean cultural practices due to the paucity of archeological remains (Denevan 64), we do know that farming and fishing practices (which ranged from cultivation of maize and cassava to pineapple), as well as domestic architecture, differed between the islands (Denevan 65, Williams 28). Cultivation of domestic animals was not common (Williams 29) as the people relied upon ample supplies of meat from..."

Tags:caribbean, indigenous, history

Abstract
This paper examines the successful British colonization and economic exploitation of the Caribbean, which was built on the back of slave labor thus making the sugar plantations successful. Thanks to this human exploitation from Africa, Barbados and Jamaica, and later Trinidad, became valuable territories. The paper goes on to describe the British anti-slavery movement which was gathering force in Britain, and eventually led to the abolition of slavery.

From the Paper
"The successful British colonization and economic exploitation of the Caribbean was built on the back of the slave labour that providing cheap labour, thus making the sugar plantations successful. Thanks to the gross human exploitation of slave labour, always black and usually from Africa, Barbados and Jamaica, and later Trinidad, became valuable territories. However, the British anti slavery movement was gathering force in Britain, and eventually led to the abolition of slavery. However, this was briefly replaced by the apprenticeship system, until finally slavery was truly abolished and the colonies had to find alternative labour. Some..."

Tags:british, caribbean, slaves

Abstract
This paper explains that New Jersey was typical of states in the North that were not wholeheartedly anti-slavery, and yet had many activists who were bitterly opposed to slavery. The author points out that, in the 17th century, slaves were brought into New Netherland (New Jersey) from Jamaica, Barbados, Curacao, and Antigua. The slave population continued to grow, and in the 1790s, several "gradual emancipation" bills were voted down in the New Jersey legislature, albeit "popular opinion and party newspapers cautiously shifted" towards an anti-slavery position. The paper concludes that, after the end of legal slavery and for a century after the Civil War, there were still vestiges of the "paternalistic cottager system" in which African-Americans worked for whites on isolated farms, reflecting the continued bitterness of the Civil War.

Table of Contents
Introduction
New Jersey History of Slavery
The Civil War and New Jersey

From the Paper
"After the war, despite the heroism that many black soldiers displayed in defeating the South, "New Jersey's white population remained hostile" to the idea of giving blacks full citizen rights (p. 194). The author, in his Epilogue, explains why it was not easy to rid New Jersey of slavery notwithstanding federal law that demanded the end of slavery: he writes that slavery in Monmouth was not a "fad" which could be easily "forgotten," but to the contrary, it was "a custom two centuries in the making" (p. 203)."

Tags:rights, activists, white, soldiers, emancipation

Abstract
This paper discusses through a literature review, the dedication and commitment of Mabel Keaton Staupers whose work was revolutionary in the development and recognition of black nurses in the nursing profession. It outlines her life from her birth on February 27, 1890 in Barbados, West Indies, through her emigration to the U.S. at the age of thirteen, her education and her career as well as describing the extreme prejudice she encountered as a result of her status as a black American. It examines how her influence and impact on shifting the priorities of prejudice and discrimination has resulted in garnering the respect and admiration of African-American nurses.

From the Paper
"During her distinguished career, Mabel Keaton Staupers was recognized for her efforts as an activist and accepted a position as the first paid executive secretary of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN). During her tenure, she increased membership, established advisory committees, built coalitions with various groups, and removed barriers that once prevented black nurses from enlisting in the military (www.nursingworld.org). During World War II, Ms. Staupers garnered support from First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and began a national letter-writing campaign to recognize the need for black nurses in the military as full members, and in 1945, the Army and Navy accepted black nurses without restrictions (http://search.eb.com). Furthermore, as a result of her efforts in the NACGN, the American Nurses Association began to accept black nurses as full members in 1948. In 1954, the final barriers to equality were broken when the Supreme Court rejected the "separate but equal" doctrine in Brown versus the Board of Education (Sussman 1)."

Tags:discrimination, racism, prejudice, blacks

Abstract
This paper describes the British colonization of the Caribbean until 1700, with an in-depth look at the reasons for the settlement of this region. According to the paper, a major factor influencing this was to provide cheap labor for farms, which was the beginning of the African slave trade. These workers provided the backbone for the successful sugar plantations, replacing indentured European labor, and soon Barbados and Jamaica became valuable territories. The paper concludes by stating that the history of colonialism in the Caribbean is largely a history of wealth built upon exploitation.

From the Paper
"The British colonized much of the Caribbean. To provide cheap labour for their farms, they began developing the African slave trade. These workers provided the backbone for the successful sugar plantations, replacing indentured European labour, and soon Barbados and Jamaica became valuable territories. However, the history of colonialism in the Caribbean is largely a history of wealth built upon exploitation, as will be described in this essay. In 1492 Columbus found the Bahamas in the Caribbean, and subsequently the Spanish shipped the natives off the islands in the northern Caribbean to..."

Tags:caribbean, british, spanish