Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a critique of the article "Using Bar-Code Technology and Medication Observation Methodology for Safer Medication Administration" by Paoletti RD, Suess TM, Lesko MG, Feroli AA, Kennel JA, Mahler JM et al. The writer notes that the use of technology as an adjunct to hospital unit administration is a relatively recent trend that is slowly becoming a standard among hospitals that can afford the shift to these technologies with minimal resistance from personnel. The writer discusses that these technologies have a demonstrated preventive benefit particularly in terms of detecting medication errors and in deterring erring nursing personnel from bad practice habits. The writer notes that the article discussed details the benefits of one such technological innovation already in use in many hospitals.

Outline:
Introduction
Analysis of Research Report
Problem Statement
Study Purpose
Research Hypotheses or Questions
Conceptual Model/Theoretical Framework
Review of Related Literature
Study Design
Target Population and Sample
Data Collection Methods
Findings and Implications for Practice, Education or Future Research
Summary

From the Paper
"The research paper did not pose any research questions, nor did it assert any hypotheses to that effect. The lack of these elements in this paper did not detract from comprehending what the research intended to report primarily because of the simplicity of the primary purpose of the study, i.e. to reduce medication errors. A possible research hypothesis would be to the effect of: the implementation of BCMA would significantly lower the number of medication errors committed compared to handwritten medication administration and EMAR."
"The study's independent variable was the method of medication administration through one of three means: BCMA, EMAR and manual, handwritten medication administration. The dependent variable measured was the number of errors."

Tags:hospitals, medication, pharmacy, records

Abstract
This paper examines the unfortunate incidences of medical errors in a hospital situation. The paper presents a proposal to increase patient safety with bar coding at the bedside. The paper discusses the relevant statistics of medical mishaps and the ensuing effects on all involved. The paper contends that bar coding is a simple solution to a huge problem, a process which will save lives, promote longevity and quality of life, avoid legal actions, financial losses, reputation and licensure losses.

Outline
Introduction
The Analysis
Iatrogenic Study Comparison
The Reporting
The Drug-Related Morbidity Solution
Bar Coding
Early Compliant Hospitals
The Justification
Summary
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Patient care and recovery statistics demonstrate that the United States has a medical care system with which Americans are less satisfied than other citizens in developed countries. There are many reasons for this: correlation between health and socioeconomic status; non-universality; federal government is not involved in medical planning although it purchases a large percentage of the 14% health care GNP; lobbying and special interest group interference; and political opposition to restraining medical developments."

Tags:doctor, malpractice, patients

From the Paper
"The Relationship Between Codes of Ethics and Liability for Legal Malpractice
This paper will examine attorneys' liability for malpractice and the relationship between this liability and the codes of ethics enacted by the states and the American Bar Association (ABA). The specific purpose of this paper is to argue that violations of ethics code provisions should be admissible as evidence of liability for legal malpractice. This view is not based upon any major problem with the current structure of either malpractice liability or the disciplinary system. Rather, it recognizes that there are some similarities in the laws of the two subject areas. Maintaining complete separation between the two areas so far as to deny a plaintiff use of a violation of an ethics code provision as evidence in a malpractice action defies..."

Abstract
The paper discusses how the use of technology as an adjunct to hospital unit administration is a relatively recent trend that is slowly becoming a standard among hospitals that can afford the shift to these technologies with minimal resistance from personnel. The paper explains how these technologies have a demonstrated preventive benefit particularly in terms of detecting medication errors and in deterring erring nursing personnel from bad practice habits. This article details the benefits of one such technological innovation already in use in many hospitals.

From the Paper
"The use of technology as an adjunct to hospital unit administration is a relatively recent trend that is slowly becoming a standard among hospitals that can afford the shift to these technologies with minimal resistance from personnel. These technologies have a demonstrated preventive benefit particularly in terms of detecting medication errors and in deterring erring nursing personnel from bad practice habits. This article details the benefits of one such technological innovation already in use in many..."

Tags:nursing, article, critique

Abstract
This paper takes a look at possible reforms to improve attorney disciplinary procedures. The paper points out that the American Bar Association has a code of professional responsibility by which attorneys must abide. Some of the general principles this code addresses are individual justice, distributive justice, truthfulness, and trust worthiness. The paper concludes that actively becoming aware of unethical procedures in law, along with participation of the public in the awareness, can help resolve some of the problems.

From the Paper
"One particular unethical conduct that states bars will not tolerate include lawyers who do not pay child support. In the Atlanta Journal Constitution it was reported in May of 2005 an attorney was ordered to pay $29,100 in monthly child support. This case marked the highest child support judgment ever issued to date for Georgia (Cook). Under OCGA 1968-28 the lawyer's license to practice law can be suspended. Once the attorney has met requirements of Bar Rule 1-209, their suspension will be revoked (Unknown 1). In this particular case, the attorney had "estimated stakes in his law firm to be worth over $20 million" and the courts made sure he paid every penny of child support to his children."

Tags:regulation, accountability, discipline, lawyer, professional, ethics

From the Paper
"The cosmetics industry in the United States produces and markets both cosmetics and toiletries. The major players in the industry are Alberto Culver, Avon, Chesebrough Ponds, Faberge, Gillette, International Flavors and Fragrances, Noxell, and Revlon, although not all of these firms are independent entities.

Industry Description and Structure
The history of the cosmetics industry can likely be traced to some of the very earliest days of civilization. It was in the last.half of the nineteenth century, however, when toiletries and cosmetics began to be produced and marketed on a mass scale, as opposed to being concocted in essentially local establishments. In 1880, the country's largest cosmetic firm, Avon, was founded ... "

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the E-MAR that consists of a combination bedside medication administration tool and electronic medication administration record (E-MAR) which is designed to provide safety and flexibility in medication administration. The writer explains that the primary function of bar-coded medication administration is to reduce medication errors at the point of care. The E-MAR makes use of bar-code scanning technology which scans the patient's ID, identifies the caregiver and the medication. The writer then discusses advantages and disadvantages to the use of the E-MAR. The writer notes that the most significant benefit of the E-MAR is that it greatly reduces the potential for drug errors. The writer concludes that bar-coded medication administration should be adopted because of its contribution to optimal patient safety.

Outline:
Benefits of the E-MAR
Disadvantages
Recommendations

From the Paper
"The system contains its own built-in decision making tools related to certain medications. It is also designed to conform to regulatory compliance. Use of the E-MAR assists in preventing drug interactions as well as missed doses. These tasks are achieved through reminders received at the nurses' station that display a window of opportunity for effective dose administration along with identifying critical drugs that require priority administration. The system is designed to capture pre- and post-dosage clinical charting. The E-MAR identifies the patient to the system, and determines the medications that have been ordered. The system then checks for allergies and drug interactions, and reviews the dosing schedule. The E-MAR also can manage its own inventories for medication supplies on the floor.
"The E-MAR system assists in documentation since it provides reminders related to charting, assessment, or documentation of an outcome. In addition, the E-MAR allows for complete point of care documentation, automated ordering of medications, along with critical pre- and post-dosing clinical charting support."

Tags:safe, dispensing, care, drug

Abstract
The paper relates that Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one of the most widely discussed technological platforms across most industries in today's rapidly evolving business climate. The paper discusses how to some, RFID technological applications are the cure-all to operational inefficiency from the producer to the display shelf, the end to product shrinkage throughout the supply chain, and the marketer's consumer tracking device without equal for enabling more accurate inventory strategies. However, the paper relates that many firms within the retail and foodservice industries such as operators, suppliers, and producers, still tend to shun the technological development related to RFID uses as being cost-inhibitive and too unwieldy for legacy systems to integrate. This paper on RFID technological applications is designed to both dispel misinformation on RFID technological development and to reinforce the awareness that RFID is poised to become a permanent fixture on the technological landscape in most industries. In fact, the paper points out that many researchers reveal that contrary to popular research and opinion, RFID electronic product code (EPC) chips will replace the ubiquitous bar code, in regards to functionality, at some point in the next decade.

From the Paper
"Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one of the most widely discussed technological platforms across most industries in today's rapidly evolving business climate. To some, RFID technological applications are the cure-all to operational inefficiency from the producer to the display shelf, the end to product shrinkage throughout the supply chain, and the marketer's consumer tracking device without equal for enabling more accurate inventory strategies. However, many firms within the retail and foodservice industries such as operators, suppliers, and producers, still..."

Tags:radio, frequency, identification

Abstract
This paper explains that RFID chips can be attached, often without notice, to all sorts of products, such as clothing and books, and can be use to monitor and control the supply chain in ways similar to the bar code, which the RFID is being developed to replace. The author points out that some examples of the consumer use of the RFID are in a library where the reader need only to walk in front of a shelf and can immediately see on a screen a list of all the books and their contents. For another example, parents in amusement parks can locate their children by putting a RFID on their children and then locating them on a special "kidspotter" map of the park. The paper stresses that, despite the clear advantages of RFID, there is a concern among privacy activists because RFID tags, so small that they can go undetected, can be embedded in any product or article of clothing and even under the skin of a person and then can be used to record information about their activities, tracking anyone with a tag on them.

Table of Contents
History
Beneficial Social Impact
Deleterious Social Impact or Potentially Dangerous Social Impact
Personal Privacy
Information Security
Analysis of Social Impact
Future Impact of the Technology

From the Paper
"While in the 1980's RFID was primarily used for commercial applications, the 1990s saw RFID enter the consumer market. Toll systems throughout the US and Europe became widespread and started gaining major use. Toll systems were adopted by Kansas, Oklahoma, Georgia, Maine, and New York, Massachusetts, and quite a few other states. Standardization became a big issue with all these systems, leading to the Title 21 standard and the EZ-Pass Interagency Group, both of which were formed in an effort to provide consistent toll standards in different regions of the US. Payment and access systems were developed, such as the speedpass payment system used by Mobile gas stations, various skipass systems and gated community access setups. Automobile related RFID systems also were implemented in larger scale including remote entry and ignitions systems."

Tags:smart-cards, verification, security, undetected

Abstract
This paper discusses how computers would be useless without input devices and how even small-scale computers, including calculators and GPS navigation systems, require some input from the human being in order to work properly and produce worthwhile output. It examines how some of the everyday input devices, like keyboards, mice, joysticks, and microphones, have reached increasingly more sophisticated levels of technology. It also shows how other input devices that are available to the general public, but are generally used in commercial settings, include touch-screens, keypads for ATMs and bank card purchases, credit card scanners, bar code readers, and more.

From the Paper
"The portable navigation systems currently out on the market are very helpful for drivers, hikers, and campers. They usually require the user to input coordinates in a cumbersome manner, by scrolling down a list and manually inputting navigational points of reference. This tedious process has been recently made more streamlined by the introduction of the touch screen GPS system. However, this is really no different from the technology used for touch screen computers; the difference is in the output of the computer in this case."

Tags:mouse, joystick, gps, system, screens, pads