Abstract
In this paper, the arguments represented in this analyze of the Bantu language and its origins reflected in Greenburg, Oliver, and Vansina reflect diverse and conflicting reflections on expansionist theories. The various levels of evidence suggest a remarkable elevation he probability that the expansion of the Bantu language was not as linear as once theorized in older idea about the development of the varying dialectics, which point toward Greenburg and Vansina's questioning of the various principle s that point toward a change in the scholarship and deeper implications of evidence about the migration of the Bantu.

From the Paper
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Tags:bantu, lanaguage, origins

Abstract
The paper discusses how during the 1500s, slaving existed widely in West Africa. The paper relates that Kongo was another name for the Bakongo people living in the areas of Zaire and Congo, and as the slave trade expanded, people living in the West Coast of South Africa were called Congo as well as Ngola. The paper explains that both Congo and Ngola became interchangeable throughout the years, which became part of the Bantu culture. The paper discusses how they believed in one God that gave them strength from their deceased ancestors.

From the Paper
"During the 1500s, slaving existed widely in West Africa. The Kongo was another name for the Bakongo people living in the area of the Congo. As the slave trade expanded, people living in the West Coast of South Africa were called Congo as well as Ngola. Both Congo and Ngola became interchangeable throughout the years, which became part of the Bantu culture. They believed in one God that gave them strength from their deceased ancestors. They would communicate in the graves to their ancestors since man did not end in death. The power existed in the land of the dead, which would be found underneath the water and underneath the mountains of the living. In other words, the power was in the water from..."

Tags:bantu, batwa, culture

Abstract
In her book, The Pygmies Were Our Compass, Kairn A. Klieman provides an in-depth analysis of diverse cultural interactions in central Africa over the past six thousand years and focuses primarily upon describing the relationships over the centuries between Bantu-speaking farmers and hunter-foragers designated as "Pygmies" or Batwa by historians. Her book is based upon the extensive historical linguistic research she conducted in the 1990's and has been acclaimed by anthropologists, sociologists and historians as a very important contribution to knowledge of central African history and culture.

From the Paper
The Pygmies Were Our Compass: An Analysis of Batwa and Bantu Cultural Interaction In her book, The Pygmies Were Our Compass, Kairn A. Klieman provides an in-depth analysis of diverse cultural interactions in central Africa over the past six thousand years and focuses primarily upon describing the relationships over the centuries between Bantu-speaking farmers and hunter-foragers designated as "Pygmies" or Batwa by historians. Her book is based upon the extensive historical linguistic research she conducted

Tags:bantu, and, batwa

Abstract
This paper presents a history of two major African groups in South Africa prior to the coming of the Europeans. They were referred to by the Dutch and Portuguese as ?Bushmen? and ?Hottentots? or lumped together into a category called the Bantu.

Tags:bushmen, hottentots

From the Paper
"This world is full of men and women who have the same dreams. They all fought and died for human rights, freedom of equality. One such man who dreamed of this freedom was a South African man who not only lived and fought for what he believed in, but also died for it. This man was Steven Biko, who was a primary leader in the Black Consciousness Movement against apartheid (Jackson, 1999). "

Tags:africa, apartheid, in, racism, south

Abstract
Mbira is a traditional South African instrument, particularly connected to the Shona, a group of Bantu-speaking people living in Zimbabwe and parts of Mozambique. It is actually a member of a group of similar African instruments called lamellophones (or lamellaphones). Lamellophones are instruments specific to sub-Saharan Africa where numerous forms have been described. Some other lamellophones, for example include kalimba from Zambia, likembe from Congo, kadongo from Uganda.

From the Paper
Mbira: A Unique Instrument of Africa Introduction Mbira is a traditional South African instrument, particularly connected to the Shona, a group of Bantu-speaking people living in Zimbabwe and parts of Mozambique. It is actually a member of a group of similar African instruments called lamellophones (or lamellaphones). Lamellophones are instruments specific to sub-Saharan Africa where numerous forms have been described. Some other lamellophones, for example include kalimba from Zambia, likembe from Congo, kadongo from Uganda. All of these instruments produce the sound by plucking the keys, or lamellae, attached at one end

Tags:mbira, instrument, africa

Abstract
The paper discusses how the evolution of the Bantu speaking peoples helped to reinforce certain characteristics of the Swahili language through a African point of view. The writer notes that the evidence is often doubtful in his mind as to the ways that the language had developed, but relates that they suspect that Bantu linguistic roots are the main reason why Swahili has a mostly African 'diaspora' in its earliest stages of development through the migratory aspects of economic trade in early tribal culture.

Tags:swahili, history, people

Abstract
This paper discusses the Lemba people of southern Africa, a traditional Bantu speaking tribe that has been quantifiably linked with Jewish priestly origins. It describes some of their traditions and the rituals that link them with Judaism.

From the Paper
"Ritual is a crucial aspect of how people live their daily lives in study by archaeologists and anthropologists alike. This significant breakthrough in research enables researchers to link cultural characteristics by genetics in what is considered nothing short of a phenomenal breakthrough in linking culture with genetics. The Lemba people of southern Africa, a traditional Bantu speaking tribe, have been quantifiably linked with Jewish priestly origins, which explains the reasons they have retained many rituals of religious and Orthodox Jews, such as keeping Kosher and maintaining specific dietary restrictions that match identically the rituals of traditional Jewish orthodoxy."

Tags:anthropologists, kosher, genetic

Abstract
This paper explains that the Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire, has been plagued with ethnic turmoil and civil war, exacerbated by the massive influx of refugees from Rwanda and Burundi, which has reduced a once prospering country into a state of turmoil. The author points out that there are over 200 African ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo of which the majority of these are Bantu. The paper explains that the U.N.'s Human Development Index (HDI), which is a composite of human development indicators, such as longevity, knowledge and education, and economic measurements, is a better system of determining living standards than the GDP alone; Democratic Republic of Congo ranks very near the bottom. Many graphs and charts.

Table of Contents
Democratic Republic of Congo Background
Introduction
Geographic Placement
Ethnic Composition of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Religious Composition of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Colonial History of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Form of Government for the Democratic Republic of Congo
Main Sources of Economic Activity
Structure of the Economy of Democratic Republic of Congo
Economic Background
Nominal and Real GDP Per Capita for the Previous 10 Years, in US$
Nominal and Real GDP Per Capita for the Previous 10 Years, in LCU
Comparison of Two Graphs
Life Expectancy
Adult Literacy Rate
Primary School Enrollment Rate
Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI Formula
HDI Versus GDP
5 Obstacles to Economic Development in the Past 5 Years
Actions that Could be Taken to Overcome These Challenges

From the Paper
"Currently the country is under a dictatorship and is presumably transitioning towards a representative government; however, this has yet to be realized. A 500-member transitional National Assembly, along with a 120-member Senate was installed in July of 2003. These members were drawn from groups that signed the Pretoria Accord in December 2002. Elections were scheduled to be held in June of 2005; however, these are not likely to take place. Instead, it is likely that the transitional government will remain in place until the early part of 2006. President Joseph Kabila heads this transitional government. The transitional government includes an executive president, four vice-presidents, and a cabinet that is drawn from five armed groups, the unarmed political opposition, civil society, and the previous government of Joseph Kabila."

Tags:infrastructure, gdp, hdi, stablity, war

Abstract
This paper examines the book "Lugbara of Uganda" by well-known ethnographer Middleton, which presents observations of the different African cultures and some unexplored areas. It includes a case study of the Lugbara people of Uganda with a description of the society and the complex sociopolitical system. The paper provides a summary of the history of Uganda and investigates the current conditions and issues of these cultures.

From the Paper
"The book "Lugbara of Uganda" is written by one of the most famous and well-known ethnographers who have worked on different African cultures and have explored different untouched avenues of the African world. This book is a result of about 30 years of research and writing by the author as well as his colleagues and peers. In this book, Middleton has sketched the picture of the specific ethnic group of Uganda i.e. the Lubgara people. In this case study he has given a sensitive description of how this society, composed of a complex sociopolitical system and which was once dependent on such practices as dispute and warfare to gain control of the society and to keep the competition alive, has now become a civilization of refugees who are continuous victims of harassment."

Tags:bantu, ethnograph, middleton, africa, african, culture, sociopolitical, omukama, health, kingdom, bunyoro