Abstract This paper examines why the New York Times banned cigarette advertising. The writer discusses how the banning of tobacco ads reduces the pressures on children to take up smoking and leaves room for advertisements warning the readers against the dangers of smoking. In addition the way in which banning of these ads may prevent nonsmokers who buy The New York Times, from involuntarily contributing to the tobacco industry, is also discussed.
From the Paper "Little by little, cigarette advertising has been disappearing from American newspapers and magazines. This trend began more than two years ago when the first national newspaper, The New York Times, officially banned tobacco advertising. At the same time, local newspapers such as the Seattle Times and Portland Organdie copied the national newspaper."
Abstract This paper looks at the smoking ban in Maryland. It looks at the history of the legislation, how it has been modified over time and its current status. It describes how the ban is enforced and the penalties levied for breaking it, and future legislation planned for 2006.
From the Paper "Prior to December Maryland was the only state to have anti smoking bans for the workplace. The Maryland Occupational Safety and Health Act MOSH prohibited smoking in most indoor workplaces unless confined to an enclosed separately ventilated smoking room ..."
Abstract The paper addresses the political and social climate leading up to the gun bans put into effect during President Clinton's term in office and explains how the intense crime wave from which the nation was suffering led to an emotional appeal for gun control from gun control advocates. The paper explores the background, provisions and constitutional validity of the Brady Bill, the Assault Weapons Ban and Bureau of Alcohol Firearms and Tobacco (BATF) regulations. The paper notes the limited measure of success from the Assault Weapons Ban but then shows where and how the Assault Weapons Ban failed. The paper emphasizes how the pro-control polices and legislation of the Clinton Administration were ultimately unsuccessful in achieving their desired results.
Outline:
Section I: Introduction
Section II: National Sentiments Leading to Gun Bans Section III: Brady Bill
Section IV: Assault Weapons Ban and BATF Regulations
Section V: Where the Bans Achieved Success
Section VI: Where and How the Assault Weapons Ban Failed
Section VII: Conclusion
From the Paper "Through the 1980s, the American people suffered through a crime wave that was peppered with headline grabbing mass shootings perpetrated with the assistance of media-dubbed "assault weapons." The American people turned in fear to their government, demanding comprehensive crime control. Groups such as the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, formed from Handgun Control Inc., pushed strongly for gun control, launching nationwide campaigns to increase the registration, restriction, and government control of firearms. The results from this push for control were varied pieces of legislation which were passed in multiple states, but the culmination of the efforts for more gun control were manifested in the laws passed during and the policies practiced by the administration of President Clinton."
This paper explores the banning of pornography based on the United States Supreme Court upheldimg a law banning the sale of pornographic magazines to children under the age of seventeen.
Abstract This paper discusses that freedom of speech often collides with attempts to ban pornographic materials; however, there are laws that prohibit the sale of pornography to minors. This author feels that, if these laws were enforced, not only would access to minors be reduced but also to adults thus reducing the sexual addictions and violence that seems to be so prevalent in today's society.
Table of Content
Introduction
Free Speech verses Ban of Pornography
Parental and Authority Concern
Model Principal Trial
Pornography Material Found
Pornographic Fantasies Led to Molestation
Former Pornography Addict Lecture
Discussion of Power of Pornography
Prison and Community Bans Time Magazine Poll
Concern of American Regarding Pornography
Beliefs in Effects of Pornography
Conclusion
From the Paper "After complaints by male students, a model principal at a local school in New Jersey was charged with child molestation when authorities found homosexual pornography in his home. Authorities found thirty-six films of young men masturbating and hundreds of pages torn from pornographic magazines. Prosecutors said "This has nothing to do with anyone's sexual preference"It's not about fantasies"He's on trial for how he allowed his fantasies to escape from his home, from his locked room, and into the"school?. Was this principal simply a victim of a society overwhelmed with pornographic material? Does pornography have an effect on one's psyche?"
Abstract In this article the writer discusses that the primary reasons for imposing bans on U.S. beef products concern health issues relating to hormone-treated beef products. The writer also looks at the potential for human consumption of potentially harmful beef products resulting from cattle diseases such as Mad Cow. The writer points out that there are some politically charged factors involved in this issue. Further, the writer maintains that the U.S. beef industry is the leading competitor in this industry in the global marketplace, but the agricultural industry in general has been adversely affected in years past because of arbitrary bans from key trading partners such as the European Union. The writer notes that such bans may be based on a number of factors, including cultural perceptions of quality, politically motivated initiatives and the potential threats represented by cattle-borne diseases such as Mad Cow that are amplified by urban legend and the mainstream media. The writer concludes that the importance of the European Union to U.S. exporters means that such bans will have to be justified by more than just cultural lip service in the future, and U.S. exporters are going to increasingly demand that the Europeans put their money where they mouths are - literally.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Factors Influencing Trade Decisions for U.S. Beef Products
Conclusion
From the Paper "From the perspective of the U.S. beef industry, the European Union's standard is simply a politically motivated trade barrier that provides no actual health protection for European consumers but rather serves to inflate for them; by sharp contrast, the European controversy is fairly longstanding and began during the 1970s when a series of health scares in Europe caused created an atmosphere in which the public was increasingly concerned about the potential side effects of eating beef products that had been treated with hormones. A number of stories in the European press linked the consumption of hormone-treated beef to hormone-related health problems and some of the accounts simply fueled the fires with increasingly skeptical European consumers."
Abstract This paper addresses the sensitive issue of censorship and banning of specific literature in American schools. The focus is on Morrison's book which has been banned by several schools - by the parents, teachers and religious leaders, because it deals with sensitive topics of incest and rape. The paper asks whether non academic groups (like religious leaders and parents) should have the right to censor or ban educational material.
From the Paper "If Toni Morrison ever loses sleep over fact that The Bluest Eye has been banned in some classrooms across the country, it is likely more out of a sense of profound sadness rather than anything else. She has no cause to doubt the worthiness of her literary contribution in any real sense, her stunning 1970 debut novel having been embraced enthusiastically by critics and readers alike. And, even if Morrison did not have the impressive validation for her literary skills which the showy, prestigious 1988 Pulitzer Prize and the 1993 Nobel Prize (Nobel e Museum) bestow upon her, the author likely would still not question the merit of The Bluest Eye. After all, Morrison is in very good company when one examines the list of other books that have been censored over the years. A list which includes such classics as Lord of the Flies by William Golding, Ceremony by Leslie Silko, Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck and the list goes on. Yet, perhaps Morrison's greatest reassurance of her work's merit stems from the fact that she is herself an intellectual and academician with a brilliant mind. She is not smug in the traditional sense, but if you listen to her carefully in interviews it is evident that Morrison is extremely self-assured and confident in her ability to judge the merit of any literary work along with the best and brightest critical minds in the country."
Tags: censorship, educational, banning, literature, incest, rape, religious
Abstract The paper refers to studies that suggest that handguns actually cause more problems, deaths, and accidents than they solve and contends, therefore, that the Supreme Court made the wrong decision when it overturned the Washington D.C. gun ban. The paper believes that a handgun ban is necessary for the safety and well-being of ordinary citizens, in particular children, those suffering from suicidal tendencies, and those who accidentally misuse guns. The paper also asserts that a gun ban would end the illegal handgun market.
From the Paper "On June 26, in a monumental 5-4 decision, the US Supreme court overturned the Washington DC gun ban, citing that the "right to bear arms" phrase of the second amendment applies to more than just militia (Davies 2008). The decision came just one day after five died from gun wounds in Kentucky after a mentally disturbed man opened fire at his place of employment, eventually killing himself as well as the others (Davies 2008), and just after a recent study by the CDC stated that 55% of gun deaths can be considered suicides (MSNBC 2008). Although opposition to the banning of handguns suggests that the practice is unconstitutional in regards to the second amendment, proponents to the bans suggest that guns were only intended for the use stated in the amendment--a militia."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the smoking ban in Tennessee that went into effect on the 1st of October 2007. The author analyzes the effects of this smoking ban, which rohibits smoking in places such as restaurants, hotels, bars and even the workplace. The paper notes that while the ban managed to reduce the rate of smoking, it has had a negative effect on businesses as more smokers preferred to now stay at home. The paper also discusses inconsistencies in the law and how the public and the local businesses took advantage of the loopholes to increase businesses and sale.
From the Paper "The first of these effects have health implications on both active as well as passive smokers. The ban reduced the smoking rate encouraging as such numerous smokers to quit the habit. When they found out they were no longer allowed to smoke in bars, restaurants and at the work place, many of them found it too much of a trouble to go to special places where they could smoke. For others, the ban was a signal which made them realize the serious negative effects of smoking. To others, it was just the push they needed in order to quit. However, not sufficient people have quitted. And even if they didn't quit, they at least reduced the number of smoked cigarettes per day, which is also an improvement."
A look at the dangers that second-hand smoke has on people, animals and the environment, with a strong argument supporting a ban on smoking in public places.
Abstract This paper touches on the physical dangers of inhaling second-hand smoke and the negative effects of second-hand smoke on children and pets. It also argues for a ban on smoking in public places and describes some of the cities and states that have already instrumented such a ban in the United States.
From the Paper "Second-hand smoke is a public health hazard. Not only does it have the supernatural ability to cling to clothing and hair, leaving behind a lingering, musty, and stale smell, but it can also create very serious health problems. For those who choose to partake in the precarious activity of puffing on a cancer stick, the associated side effects are expected. Smokers are voluntarily and knowingly exposing themselves to the possibilities of asthma, lung cancer, heart disease, and other related diseases, and are not all that surprised when they become ill from their bad habit. For those who choose not to inhale poisonous chemicals into their lungs, however, the side effects are just unfair. Many non-smokers have chosen not to smoke to preserve their health and prolong their lives, and they should not have to expose themselves to second-hand smoke when they are out in public. Non-smokers should be able to feel free to socialize in any restaurant or bar without having to be subjected to the harmful effects of second-hand smoke. With so many grim statistics out there about second-hand smoke, why are we still allowing people to smoke in public places, literally killing those who choose not to smoke?"
This paper discusses, in the form of a memo, the initiation of a company-wide smoking ban by presenting background material and an outline for each department to prepare for this ban.
Abstract This paper notifies all employees of the company that, beginning one month from today, the company will follow the guide-lines of federal and state requirements and institute a ban on smoking in the company buildings. The author stresses that the idea of a smoke-free environment is not only to encourage those employees who smoke to quit but also to protect the non-smokers from being affected by second-hand smoke, scientifically called Environmental Tobacco Smoke- ETS, which can do as much damage to persons nearby a smoker as if they themselves were smoking. The paper includes discussion points for each department about this No-Smoking rule including, although the company is offering financial assistance for a "Stop Smoking" course to encouraged stop smoking anywhere, designating a "Smoking Area" outside the building .
From the Paper "It is important for all of you to realize that this was not a sudden, hap-hazard decision, but the statistics were so overwhelmingly negative that we felt we had to do something to protect all our employees and to guarantee them, at least while on the job, a smoke-free environment. Later in this memo, we will explain some of the potential "solutions" to the smoking problem, but, as you will see, they simply did not solve that second-hand smoke situation. But, let me begin by a little background that alerted us to the dangers of second hand smoke."
Abstract Anti-smoking campaigns have led to a wave of smoking bans across the country during recent years. Whether one is for or against them, smoking bans are apparently here to stay, at least for a while. The paper shows that one of the national health objectives for the year 2010 is to establish laws, in all 50 states, that prohibit or restrict smoking in public places and work sites.
From the Paper "The United States Constitution contains a Bill of Rights, which protects individuals from the power of government, and the Fourteenth Amendment, which was ratified in 1868, guarantees all citizens of the United Sates equal protection, and due process, under the law (Levin pp). With this dedication to freedom, one would assume that Americans would have the ability, the right, to perform a perfectly legal act in a private establishment, however one would be mistaken (Levin pp)."
Abstract This paper discusses how hazards in the workplace are a significant concern and second-hand smoke has been deemed totally unacceptable especially by those working in restaurants, cafes and bars. This paper reviews the bill passed on March 26th, 2003 banning smoking in the State of New York.
Overview:
Abstract
Introduction
Secondhand Smoke Overview
Positive Effects of the New York State Smoking Ban Conclusion
From the Paper "Secondhand smoke is a known health danger. 53,800 people die each year from secondhand smoke, including death from heart disease, lung cancer, and other diseases. Scientific research has become so comprehensive that not only has scientists been able to pinpoint the effects of secondhand smoke on specific organs, but also on specific types of workers. In general, restaurants and bars that are located in cities that have smoking bans, in place, have 82 percent less indoor air pollution than those without smoking bans ("Secondhand smoke", 2006), equating to healthier workers. "
Abstract The paper focuses on the Supreme Court's decision to uphold gun rights in the famous Washington DC gun ban case and argues that allowing citizens over the age of eighteen to own handguns increases both gun related death and injury in addition to crime. The paper argues further that injuries and deaths will especially rise in the vulnerable groups of juveniles and the mentally ill. The paper calls for a federally mandated gun ban that will solve the problem of gun crime and gun safety.
From the Paper "With the Supreme Court's recent decision to uphold gun rights in the famous DC gun ban case, the issue of gun control has become a topic of great discussion in recent weeks. While the Supreme Court's decision to uphold the second amendment in terms of private citizens answers some constitutional questions about the issue, it does not put an end to all firearm regulations. For instance, the sale of firearms can still be regulated; criminals and the mentally ill can still be banned from carrying weapons; bans in certain areas, like schools, are still permissible; and conceal and carry laws are still in place (Doherty). Despite the regulations that remain, lifting the Washington, D.C. gun ban has implications for both legal and criminal justice fields."
Abstract The paper explains the position of proponents of anti-smoking legislation who believe that nonsmokers have a right not to be exposed involuntarily to second-hand tobacco smoke in public. The paper then considers the view of those who work in the food and drink service industry, because they are exposed to second-hand smoke continually, as well as the perspective of the health issues regarding minor children inhaling second-hand smoke. The paper offers counter-arguments that highlight how ultimately, the issue boils down to how much governmental regulation is appropriate in a free society. The paper contends that in a culture than permits other equally dangerous involuntary exposures, smoking bans violate the principle of freedom and autonomous choice.
Outline:
Introduction
The Argument For and Against Smoking Bans
From the Paper "Five years ago, New York City became the first large American city to enact anti-smoking ordinances in restaurants and bars. Since then, anti-smoking legislation has spread to many other American and European cities alike. In 2006, a New York City civil court judge ruled that second-hand smoke between apartments violates the implied warranty of habitability of nonsmokers and several dozen residential buildings in the city have prohibited smoking anywhere inside their buildings, including inside private apartments. (O'Neill & Light 2008)"
Abstract This paper explains that banning books is a major violation of someone's rights as defined by the First Amendment. The freedom to read is crucial to the country's democracy, the author states; however, it is constantly under attack. The paper relates several examples of book banning cases and their effect on the community.
From the Paper "These challenges against books have caused a great deal of controversy, often leading to the occurrence of court cases and violence. One censorship lawsuit that occurred in the 1980s caused a major ruckus. "Mozert v. Hawkins County Public Schools", which was filed by Tennessee parents, who maintained that an entire elementary school reading series, including "Cinderella", "Goldilocks", and "The Wizard of Oz", violated their fundamentalist religious beliefs."
