Abstract
This paper presents four potential dangers to banks in emerging markets and relates them to the lessons of the founding banking system of the United States: Macroeconomic volatility, connected lending, political involvement and financial liberalization. This paper discusses that the emerging banking industries in Eastern Europe must learn to operate in an objective environment free from burdensome and often disastrous government control; just as, the ever-present tension in the United States between government policy and banking policy ensured the banking industry's objectivity. This paper argues that the primary cause of the banking crisis in Eastern Europe was the banks' decision to allow financiers with little experience and even less capital to set up their own banks.

Table of Contents
Introduction
European Economies and the Evolution of the U.S. Banking Industry
Macroeconomic Volatility
Connected Lending
Government Involvement
Financial Liberalization
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The insistence by the American chief executive in the mid 18th to mid 19th century to keep separate government policy from banking policy has not been demonstrated in the communist economies of Eastern Europe. The second major crisis factor for these economies has been connected (or insider) lending, particularly in Russia. Though not unheard of in rich countries, connected lending is a more serious problem in emerging countries, where supervisors are less rigorous about rooting it out. The Economist maintains that connected lending has recently caused serious problems where unscrupulous businessmen have found it easy to set up banks simply to finance their other companies' pet projects. Thus, at many Russian banks, the personal ambitions of owners and managers still come before the prudent assessment of lending risks. Loans to related companies are rarely made on an arm's length basis and tend to be granted at below-market rates, with scant credit vetting."

Tags:banker, private, government, volatility, lending

Abstract
This well-researched paper examines Pakistan's evolving and constantly developing banking industry from the 1940s and up the present. The writer of this paper supplies in-depth insight into the pressures as well as the numerous financial and cultural demands and expectations currently facing bank managers in both the private and public banking sectors. This paper analyzes Pakistan's political history and its resulting impact on the country's banking industry. The writer of this paper delves into Pakistan's socio-political culture which greatly affects the vision, goals and leadership style of the country's bank managers. This paper also contains various financial tables, lists and illustrated graphs pertaining to this particular topic.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Political and Financial History Intertwined
Effect on Pakistani Bank Managers
Cautionary Tales
The Opposite Side of the Coin
Pakistani Banking Structure
Pakistani Banking: Recent Past
Upsetting Events in Pakistan's Banking History vis-a'-vis Managers
The Best Bank
Other Banks
Challenges for Managers in the Banking Industry
Current Initiatives
Literature Review
Summary
Statement of Research Question
Methodology
Findings
Manager One: NBP Managers
Manager Two: New Hire from Lahore Business School
Manager Three: Year 2000 Graduate of a Business College in Germany
Manager Four: Islamic Bank Manager
Manager Five: Graduate of Irish Business College
Manager Six: Recently Promoted Manager at a Local Branch in the Capital
Manager Seven: Human Resources Manager at the Islamic Bank
Manager Eight: Temporary Branch Manager in Small Town
Manager Nine: Former Bank Employee, Government Bank
Manager Ten: Graduate of Lahore Business College (2)
Bank Manager Career Themes
Discussion
Conclusion
Appendix A: Islamic Modes of Financing
Appendix B: Recent Listing of Banks Operating in Pakistan
Appendix C: Questions for Bank Manager Interviews and Process
Appendix D: Recommendations by Mehmood-Ul-Hassan Khan
References

From the Paper
"The best way to determine what the future might hold is to understand the past and the present, and add to that the changes seen by experts on the horizon. Therefore, constructing the history of Pakistani banking forms a major part of the current research; outlining contemporaneous changes and decisions regarding Pakistani banking made by its most senior officials is also important to understanding the influences on bank manager career tracks and attitudes. In addition, an extensive literature review of those factors that generally contribute t manager career orientation in any business will help understand the Pakistani bank managers' positions. Interviews with at least a few current Pakistani bank managers will display the attitudes they currently hold, and provide insight into what they expect in the future and what would make them more or less career-oriented."

Tags:finance, islam, banking, private, public, political, labor, muslim, economy, international

Abstract
With the World Economic Forum having ranked the Canadian banking system as the healthiest in the world, the contrast with the ailing U.S. banking system is painfully obvious. This paper will examine the ideological influences that shaped the regulation of the Canadian banking system, in particular contrast to the banking system of the United States, and hypothesize that Canada's greater sensitivity to crisis-a characteristic of small, close-knit nations-explains the ideological course of its banking history.

From the Paper
Ideological Influences on the Canadian Banking System 1. Introduction: The Historical Context With the World Economic Forum having ranked the Canadian banking system as the healthiest in the world, the contrast with the ailing U.S. banking system is painfully obvious. This paper will examine the ideological influences that shaped the regulation of the Canadian banking system, in particular contrast to the banking system of the United States, and hypothesize that Canada's greater sensitivity to crisis--a characteristic of small, close-knit nations--explains the ideological course of its banking history.

Tags:canadian, banking, stability

Abstract
This paper discusses the merger wave in retail and commercial banking, covering the history of banking in the United States and leads into the merger wave of the last twenty years. This paper also discusses the basis for the merger wave, criticism thereof and what may lie ahead.

Contents:
Introduction
History of Banking in the United States
The Merger Wave
The Merger Wave; Reasons and Criticism?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"While banking may date back to the early days of man the concept of branch banking in the United States dates back only several hundred years. If you were to look back at the history of banking in the United States you would find a long and winding road that started out with a general consensus against the branching we see today. Fact is like any other centralized structure in the early days of our great nation, a centralized bank was frowned upon. So what happened over time?"

Tags:banking, finance, mergers

Abstract
This paper describes the initiatives in regard to upgrading convenience banking within BB&T, but also to identifying current issues which could use improvement. A SWOT analysis gives an in-depth picture of BB&T's current market position, its internal weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats. This is followed by a history of convenience banking and initiatives, such as extended hours. Various other programs at BB&T which attract convenience banking customers are also highlighted. The paper concludes by citing the advantages of convenience banking but also pointing out the areas that need to be improved. The paper includes a table.

TOC:
BB&T
SWOT Analysis
History of Convenience Initiatives
Convenience Initiatives and Improvement Plan
Coin Deposit Center
Instant Issue Debit Card Machine
Fleet of Volkswagen Bugs
Conclusions

From the Paper
"In addition, Coastal Federal implemented a more flexible means of offering customer services. It revolved around the offering of 24/7 online services, cash management services and an extensive network of ATMs. These were already existent at BB&T, but were further emphasized as a result of the merger. Furthermore, Coastal Federal launched a free gift program, which rewarded customers opening a new account or referring friends to the bank. Instant issues debit card machines were also introduced, alongside with the Penny Pavilion, a free coin counter, found in the lobby of each subsidy. Finally, the banking institution also launched a nine Volkswagen Bugs and Checks/ Check Card shared program. The latter initiative saw that customers could bring in old checks or debit cards and that the bank would offer a $10.00 credit in exchange for them. This latter initiative was the single one which was not approved by BB&T and as a result, Coastal Federal removed it from its product and service offering in early 2007."

Tags:coin deposits, online banking, instant issue debit card machines

Abstract
This paper is a personal research project about online banking in the United Kingdom. It describes its history, how it works, security issues and its advantages and it introduces online banking facilities. It provides an appendix summarizing the services of each of the main British banks.

Table of Contents
What is online banking?
How online banking works
The security of online banking
The advantages of online banking
The disadvantages of online banking
Prediction of the prospects of online banking.

From the Paper
"The online banking will be a step to a new stage in the future. By that time, the banks will definitely offering more attractive services online and the competition of online banking will be complicated because more banks will have online banking services. Another progression is the development of wireless banking such as Digital TV and Mobile banking or so called WAP (Wireless Application Protocol). Nowadays, mobile phones are used everywhere, and many leading telecom companies and software companies have joined the WAP forum. Such as Nokia, Ericsson and Motorola."

Tags:banking, britain, hsbc, natwest, online, database, download

Abstract
The project is a brief history of the US banking system. It covers the period from the establishment of the first National bank in 1791 to the present.

From the Paper
"The project is intended to trace briefly the history of the US banking industry, its development and the significant events in its history. It will be organized by historic period and relate the events of the period to the developments of the banking system. The project will also attempt to comment analytically on many of the developments as they occurred and their impact on the current situation of the US banking industry. It is probably worth noting in any history..."

Tags:Federal, Reserve, System, National, Banking, System, Breton, Woods, agreement, Free, Bank, Era, State, Banks, National, banks, currency, Specie, Open, Market, Operations, Discount, Rate, Reserve, Requirements

Abstract
The author first gains an understanding of the great depression and the banking system before World War II. Next, the author goes on to evaluate the rise of the middle class after World War II and the New Deal. The author then goes through the different significant eras of American history and studies the relationship between the middle class and the banking system.

From the Paper
"In this document the author examines the correlation between the banking system in the United States and the American Middle Class. In order to carry out this study the author first gains an understanding of the great depression and the banking system before World War II. Next the author goes on to evaluate the rise of the middle class after World War Ii and the New Deal. The author then goes through the different significant eras of American history and studies the relationship between the Middle class and the banking system."

Tags:middle, class, banking

Abstract
This study examines the nature of the Federal Reserve System, the push towards centralized banking in the United States, the Panic of 1907, the evolution of the Federal Reserve during the 20th century, and the future of the institution. The aim is to highlight the significant role that the Federal Reserve System has played in the history of the United States since its creation.

From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve System is one of the most powerful, if not the most powerful, financial institutions in the United States. Alan Greenspan explains that in order to protect the health of the economy, the Federal Reserve must "recognize and respond effectively to the inevitable surprises placed in our path by a constantly evolving and highly dynamic economy" (Greenspan 168). It was created in the early years of the 20th century as the third attempt by legislators and bankers to devise a workable centralized banking system for the nation. In the sense that the..."

Tags:federal, reserve, banking

Abstract
This paper discusses how banking in the United States has always been linked to the political situation of the country. It provides a history of the banking system and examines how it was connected to Congress and the ruling party of the time.

From the Paper
"Banking institutions in the United States had a very interesting and rather controversial beginning as their establishment was staunchly opposed by agrarian sections of the society that felt threatened by the existence of commercial banks. But since banking system was needed in a country that was based on capitalist ideals, first US bank was opened in 1781 in Philadelphia and was named Bank of North America. Ten years later, United States witnessed commencement of commercial banking when first central bank of the US received approval from the Congress and began working as first bank of the government. This central bank was to work as a regulatory body for all state banks but agrarian section opposed it on the grounds that it gave unnecessary powers to the federal government and therefore its charter was rejected in 1811 when it was scheduled for its next renewal. Almost same thing happened to the second bank of the United States that was forced to close its operations in 1836 because its existence was considered unconstitutional by some sections of the society."

Tags:money, saving, federal, bank