Abstract
This paper details the conditions under Malawi President-for-Life Hastings Kamuzu Banda, between the years of 1964-1994. It discusses influences on African politics such as agricultural health and foreign/colonial influences, as well as religious strife. The bulk of the paper is split into two sections: a political history based on journalism, and a human rights history based on firsthand accounts of human rights workers and religious missionaries. The persecution of the Jehovah's Witnesses in Malawi, one of the most brutal acts of the Banda government, is discussed in its relevance to the nationalist sentiment that Kamuzu Banda fostered before he was ousted by democratic election in 1994.

Abstract
Sandra Martin, et. al.'s (2001) report on the study of domestic violence in India ("Domestic Violence Across Generations: Findings from Northern India") provides insightful facts about the nature of the issue when applied in the context of collective societies such as India, wherein cultural and social norms play a vital role in determining the behavior and attitude of individuals. This paper shows that of particular interest to the study is the attitude and behavior of Indian males, in order to ascertain the role that parental influence plays in perpetuating violent behavior against women, especially to their wives, whether this violent behavior be physical, sexual or both.

From the Paper
"The researchers offer the thesis, in the article, that apart from Indian culture, males have the greater propensity to abuse their wives if they have been exposed to previous episodes of domestic violence from their parents. Association between propensity to become violent and abusive towards women is perpetuated by males who have had experienced or witness violent acts and behavior from their father against their mother. This important finding in the study illustrates how, more than society, the family, as the most immediate contact and influence of the individual, becomes the primary source of influence for tolerating and perpetuating violent behavior against women (particularly wives), thus resulting to the prevalence of domestic violence in the country."

Tags:culture, Banda