Abstract This paper discusses the BananaWar and the role of the major players over the eight year dispute. The paper examines the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its paradoxical mandate to have 'fair' competition and provide an arena for objective negotiations. The paper shows how the BananaWar highlighted the dynamics of globalization, the workings of the WTO and the politics of international economic activities.
Outline:
Introduction
Dynamics of the BananaWar World Trade Organization: Role in the BananaWar and Dispute-Settlement
'Players' of the BananaWar Conclusion: The 'Banana Split'
From the Paper "The 'Banana War' provides the platform to explore the concept of international economics, within the paradigm of political economics. That is, with a history embedded in colonialism, which some say caused the economic collapse of African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries (Capella, 2005); shouldn't the EU be responsible for the economic health of these regions? If so, preferential treatment to these regions, was not illegal, but was in-fact justified. However, in a globalized world, with the laws of demand and supply dictating economic policy, should an uncompetitive player be allowed to remain in the market, due to protectionism? If no, then the US was well within its right to seek retribution for losses they incurred. These complex issues and questions will be analyzed and answered in the following sections."
Abstract Analysis of the international trade dispute of the 1990s. How trade wars progress. The difficulty of achieving international agreements and enforcement. Long-term ramifications of trade policy. Examines the underlying ussues of the BananaWars. How an agreement was reached, and impediments to implementing it. Effects of agreement on the banana industry.
From the Paper "Introduction
Although the globalization of trade has opened up new markets for many companies, and provided the opportunity for diversification that has provided companies with some insulation during economic downturns, international trade does not always progress smoothly. Single countries can impose trade barriers to protect their own industries or in retaliation for barriers in other markets, and entire countries can join together to create cartels (such as the OPEC) or trading blocs (NAFTA and the EU, for example) that provide specific benefits to members. The World Trade Organization (WTO) evolved from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and has recently been tested as an arbiter of international dispute. The so-called banana wars of the 1990s provide an example of how trade wars progress, how ..."
Abstract This paper explores the concept of positioning within the field of marketing by examining how Dole is trying to surpass Chiquita as the major supplier of bananas in Europe and the United States.
From the Paper "Anyone who has ever been a consumer is aware of the basic concept of positioning within the field of marketing. Product positioning refers not to a physical place occupied by the product but rather a psychological .."
Abstract This paper briefly discusses Banana Yoshimoto's novel 'N. P.' The paper sketches the outline of the story and then looks at the themes of fate and predestination which seem to suffuse the narrative. More than that the paper looks at how the patriarchal figure of Sarao Takase creates identities for his children and how these identities seem to fate them for unhappiness. The paper also examines the character of Sui Minowa and discusses how she has been marked by her relationship with Sarao.
From the Paper "Until fairly recently, Japanese women were deprived a voice in their nation's literary canon. However, shifting social and cultural tides have gradually changed things for the better. As a result, lovers of literature have been blessed with the emergence of bright new female talents like Banana Yoshimoto (1990), whose text, N.P., is a clever study of fate and of the tragedy that comes with being burdened with an identify crafted by someone else. In examining Yoshimoto's 1990 opus, this paper will argue that her book - albeit in a discursive, indirect way - is a commentary on traditional, patriarchal Japanese society and how fathers assign to their children - especially to their daughters - identities they must grapple with all their lives. "
Abstract This paper presents a project that attempts to verify the role of strategic level war games in war-planning and to determine, in particular, the potentials of the Doziet strategic war game invented by Dozie Nwanna. The author cites the long history of war games and their impact on actual military strategy and success. The first part of the paper is comprised of a theoretical study of the general role of war games; the second half consists of a comparison of the Doziet war game with other popular war game devices. The author concludes that the introduction of increasingly sophisticated war gaming technology such as Doziet and Grand-Doziet have provided policymakers and military planners with the opportunity to better understand the potential implications of a given set of variables on the outcome of a military conflict.
Outline:
Introduction
Research Objective
Methodology
Contribution to Existing Body of Knowledge
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Traditional and Emerging Purposes of War Games
Doziet War Game Description
War Game Strategy of Doziet
Physical Aspects of Doziet
Modus Operani of Doziet
The Ultimate Game - Grand-Doziet
Physical Aspects of Grand-Doziet
Potential Applications of the Various Models
Impact of Doziet and Grand-Doziet Technology
Overview of WASP Technology
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper "With a war on terrorism being actively prosecuted on two fronts today, and with the potential for two (or three) more in the future, the U.S. military is stretched very thin indeed. Because resources are by definition scarce, it is important for the armed forces to make the maximum use of the tools and talent that they have available to accomplish their organizational goals. In this regard, the Chief of Staff of the United States Army announced recently the intent to develop a strategy that will transform the Army over the next two to three decades into a force that will remain dominant across the full spectrum of operations while becoming more strategically responsive (Gonzales, Iv, Howe, Johnson, Moore & Pimie, 2001). These objectives, though, are constrained by the increasingly high costs associated with combat training and the need to maintain constant vigilance while pursuing any directly noncombat-related training endeavors such as war games, which are discussed further below."
Tags:war, games, Dozie, Nwanna, Doziet, strategic, war, game, terrorism
Abstract John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to London, called the war of 1898 with Spain ?a splendid little war.? His statement, often quoted about the war, indicated his recognition that this war would change the position of the United States in the world and have ramifications for decades to come. This paper shows that the Spanish-American War often gets little attention in history texts, overpowered by the bigger, longer-lasting wars such as the War Between the States, World War I and World War II. The fact is that the Spanish-American War, which included significant action both in the Caribbean, especially Cuba, and the Pacific, especially involving the Philippines, had complex causes and complex long-term ramifications.
From the Paper "The war of 1898 represented a turning point in the United States? international standing. The country acquired its first overseas territories and pushed Spain out of the Western Hemisphere (Rodriguez, 1998). It laid the groundwork for our involvement in World War II, as our growing interests in the Pacific had a profound effect on Japanese action in that arena. Until the Spanish-American war, our influence had been limited to North America. Now we had presence in both major oceans and had contended with other great powers, either by warfare or by maneuvering, and had emerged victorious (Rodriguez, 1998). It was not a challenge to defeat Spain, but the long-term effects of the war dramatically affected history for the following century. The groups who drew us into the war, both in the Caribbean and the Pacific, revolutionary factions in both Cuba and the Philippines, did not fare well. Cuba was liberated from Spain but under profound influence of the Untied States. In the Philippines, the people simply traded one country's domination for another?s."
Tags: Monroe, Doctrine, Manifest, Destiny, Mexican, War, President, McKinley
Abstract This paper describes the war that existed in the Philippines after the Spain's defeat at the hands of the United States during the Spanish-American War. As a direct result of the war, the Philippines were given to the United States and the Filipino people who originally believed that they were fighting a war for freedom and independence against the Spanish begin to turn against American troops who they view as simply another occupying force. The first part of the paper gives a background to the Filipino insurgency and its main leader, General Emilio Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo's tactics of fighting a guerrilla war against American troops is examined, as well as the effectiveness of these attacks on shocking the American public back home. Feeling betrayed by America who promised the Filipino people freedom after the Spanish were defeated, Aguinaldo embarked on a series of deadly attacks on American soldiers in the Philippines. As a result, American troops responded with equal brutality in their reprisals with very little organized military command holding them back. Diaries are heavily cited in this section of the paper, giving primary sources that tell of how desperate the American soldiers were at the time and how they needed to racially dehumanize the enemy in order to commit such vicious acts of reprisal. The second part of the paper deals with how the American press responded to the war. Numerous newspaper articles and other criticisms of the war are given as examples, some written by the early 20th century's most prominent figures such as Mark Twain. The general point of this section is to show how deeply divided the American public was over the war in the Philippines and how many felt that it would lead to American involvement in other world affairs. A direct parallel is also drawn to the Iraq War in modernity. Finally, the paper ends with a detailed account of how individual soldiers from both sides viewed the conflict. The Filipinos clearly viewed the insurgency as a necessary action in order to preserve their promised independence, while many American soldiers were disgusted and frustrated with why they were in the country to begin with, and often responded violently towards the natives since they began to view them as subhuman. The psychology of warfare is briefly discussed, as soldiers often dehumanize the enemy as a means of justification of their own violent behavior. The end of the insurgency is also discussed, with American troops brutally putting down the rebellion and establishing a tight control over the entire area for decades.
From the Paper "On April 11th, 1898, the President of the United States William McKinley went to Congress and asked the elected body to declare war on Spain for their role in oppression overseas and to accommodate public opinion that was strongly anti-Spanish due to the sinking of the United States battleship Maine only a few months earlier that was blamed on Spanish agents. Congress eventually sanctioned the war, and the Spanish-American war commenced with several battles over Spanish colonies such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The war itself was over fairly quickly, as hostilities were ended only a few months after war was officially declared. The involvement in the former Spanish colonies clearly demonstrated that America had shifted to a strong imperialistic attitude when it came to the Western Hemisphere and indeed the world in general, and would be forced to endure all of the benefits and tribulations that came from being an imperialistic power."
Tags: aguinaldo, american, emilio, filipino, history, philippines, spanish, war, wars
Abstract This paper maintains that historical evidence confirms that, just as the First World War laid the foundations for the Second World War, the Second World War laid the foundations for the Cold War. The paper looks at how, in both cases, war failed to resolve the fundamental problems that had led to military conflict in the first place, and initiated a chain of cause and effect that led to renewed conflict. The Second World War has been justifiably defined as a continuation of the First World War after a brief period of fragile peace, and the Cold War can be justifiably defined as a seventy-year war between East and West that was briefly interrupted by a grudging, temporary alliance during the Second World War.
Abstract This paper proposes a study of some of the most significant long-term and short-term effects of air-pollution that were produced as a direct result of the Gulf War. According to the paper, this pollution was caused by the burning of Kuwaiti oil fields. The paper explains the ways in which warfare is involved in environmental destruction including an analysis of air pollution during the war and the effect of air pollution of those people who were most directly exposed to it, including American soldiers and personnel who have been diagnosed with what is now generally referred to as Gulf War Syndrome.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Scope and Background of Problem
3. Proposed Project
4. Analysis and Results
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
From the paper:
"This proposal looks at three specific consequences of air pollution during the Gulf War, or rather at three sets of phenomena that are considered by many people to be consequences of air pollution during the war: The cluster of symptoms experienced by American soldiers and personnel called Gulf War Syndrome; any civilians in the war zone that are also suffering from similar syndromes; and the any similar effect on other mammals (i.e. wildlife) that were also exposed to the air pollution during the war."
Tags: Middle, East, oil, environment, health, war, pollution
Abstract This paper questions whether the anti-war sentiment in the US shortened the Vietnam War. The author contends that protesters succeeded in creating a certain consciousness of war activities within the American public. It is argued that the public had only begun to question the war once it was apparent that it had continued for many years, and that there was some feeling that once committed, America could not withdraw without achieving victory. By analyzing the government's reaction to several anti-war incidences in US, the paper argues the government did not have a deep understanding of the anti-war sentiment. Therefore, the anti-war movement could not have impacted the war to such an extent as to shorten it.
From the Paper "Vietnam was a situation that seemed to develop slowly in the consciousness of the American public so that much of the country seemed to discover rather suddenly that the nation was enmeshed in a growing war to which there seemed no end. In truth, America had been involved in Vietnam for many years before the issue became the catalyst for social protest and political reprisals in the U.S., and for much of that time the public ignored what was taking place. American involvement actually started in 1954, and at that time it was the French who had been caught in the Vietnamese quagmire (Chafe 259). Full American involvement was contemplated prior to 1954 and rejected, in part because Eisenhower did not believe that a military victory was possible because of the political situation in the region, since the people supported the Viet Minh and identified Ho Chi Minh as the leader of their independence movement (Scheer 274-275)."
Abstract Humankind conditions its response by creating rules by which it must play the game. It does not matter what the game is. In the case of "just war" doctrine, the game is war. The primary concern of this thesis is to determine the applicability of these "rules" to the types of warfare that may be conducted in the 21st century. To achieve this goal, one must first understand the war convention, so referred to by Walzer in his book, entitled "Just and Unjust Wars, a Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations" (3rd edition). The paper then explores the possible nature of war in the 21st century, with emphasis on applying, where possible, the "just war" doctrine. Finally, it touches briefly upon the problems involved in the revision of war doctrine as discovered at the 1992 Peace Symposium.
From the Paper "Is there just cause to start a war? This question is larger than it appears. From a pacifist point of view, there are no justifiable reasons to start a war. However, there are those who point to a perceived threat as a viable basis for war. This point of view dictates a pre-emptive strike even if there is no immediate action taken by the group making the threats. The rules of the game become clouded in this instance. ?The line between legitimate and illegitimate first strikes is not going to be drawn at the point of imminent attack but at the point of sufficient threat (Walzer 76-78).? The time span between the perception of harm and the harm itself is subject to scrutiny. Saddam Hussein may call for a jihad against the United States, but when does that threat constitute a reasonable cause for war? What are the consequences of ignoring the threat? How much time should pass before we take action? Is it possible to wait too long?"
Abstract By analyzing literature about the Persian Gulf War, Anthony Swofford's 'Jarhead' and comparing it to analysis of photojournalism from the war, the writer discusses the reliability of war images. The writer argues that representations of war, as old as war itself, are not inert packages of raw information. They are imbued with their own ideologies and rhetoric, whether or not their creators recognize this fact. Thus, the writer maintains that they cannot be objective or even considered wholly accurate; they are, instead, only representational and tell us more about their creators' vision of war than of war itself."
From the Paper "For Western societies, images of war possess an almost pornographic quality. Examples of the fascination with often-grisly representations of war can be traced back several thousand years. Herodotus' Histories is an early and dramatic presentation of war during the Persian invasion of Greece. Since that time, images of war have proliferated as the technology for recording them has improved. Handwritten texts gave way to the printing press. Cave paintings became elaborate sculptures and canvas paintings. Traditional photography has been supplanted by digital photography and video images. Nonetheless, throughout the expanse of war in the West literary and artistic representations of war have persisted, even if the mediums have changed. One of the most recent wars in the West was the Persian Gulf War in 1991."
Abstract In this article, the writer maintains that the war in Iraq and the Vietnam war hold very similar foreign policy agendas, which rely on falsified intelligence information to enact pre-emptive war. The writer explains that the lack of presidential action to halt the War in Iraq further reveals the growing problems of war powers that allow nations, such as the United States, to attack smaller countries without reliable proofs of a threat. Further the writer notes that both president Bush and President Johnson invoke similarities in how war is created and enacted through poor intelligence and aggressive policies toward lesser nations.
From the Paper "In many ways, the instigation of war through fabricated intelligence was seen in the Gulf of Tonkin incident, which can also be seen in the false intelligence the United States used to launch a War in Iraq. In this manner, both of these wars offer examples of similar wars in that they were based on false intelligence and were preemptive in design. The historical background to the Vietnam conflict was brought on by the rise in anti-communist campaigns, such as those made by McCarthyism in the 50s."
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the books "The Great War 1914-1918", by Cyril Falls, and "The Pity of War: Explaining World War I", by Niall Ferguson. The paper discusses how these two books, written 40 years apart, look at the war from different stages in history and from different perspectives. The paper analyzes how the authors graphically illustrate the First World War and what this war meant to the participants, the world, and to history in general. The paper examines how the books discuss emotional and personal themes, which makes them quite important for detailed research that adds another dimension to The Great War.
From the Paper "Ferguson, on the other hand, uses a different type of literary technique. He consistently relates events to works of literature that covered the war, from classics such as All Quiet on the Western Front and For Whom the Bell Tolls to lesser knows works, he consistently compares the actual events of the war to how their authors portrayed (and sometimes dramatized) them in literary works. For some readers, this might be more difficult to follow and identify with and understand. However, both books are extremely well written. They belong in any serious World War I library or historian's reference shelf."
Tags: Francis, Ferdinand, Lloyd, George, World, War, Allies, anti-war, activists
Abstract In this paper the author argues that the war in Iraq was utilized as a persuasive tool to win an election, in which the war was linked to the more global and less definable "war on terrorism." The author further contends that in the 2004 presidential elections the voters were seeking security, and therefore they linked the two issues. This paper demonstrates that the war on terror and the war in Iraq are not connected and in fact contraindicated for the long term safety of the US, specifically with regard to future acts of terrorism. Salient quotes from primary and secondary sources are used to support the author's thesis.
From the Paper "The importance and reality of this link are now being questioned at every level. People, in both high and low places are questioning the validity of the connection and asking if this aggressive move, on the part of the US, even in the face of much international opposition was in fact appropriate to improve security in the US and her interests all over the world. The political positioning that has become increasingly obvious has undermined the faith of individuals in the nature and necessity of the War in Iraq, as people feel they were sold a bill of goods, rather than leveled with in regards to the strategic importance of the Iraq in the global war on terrorism in both the short and log term. In fact this work argues that the only connection between the war on terrorism and the War on Iraq is that the later has and will continue to serve to increase terrorist activities and actions against the US, no matter how the government spins it."
Tags:war, in, Iraq, War, on, Terror, George, W., Bush
