Abstract
This paper explains that the penetration and "stopping power" of a bullet can be measured using the kinetic energy and Taylor Index equations. The paper reveals that wound ballistics is concerned with the motions and interactions of the projectile with tissue. The author believes that, through understanding of the physics behind bullet impacts and penetration, the criminologist more fully understands how different types of projectiles react when striking flesh or other resistant mediums and can lead to better a understanding of the whys and hows of a crime. Formulas included.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Physics behind the Bullet
Wound Ballistics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"To get the bullet in a vital area you need penetration. As a rule of thumb, velocity times sectional density is equal to relative bullet penetration. This is valid for bullets of similar composition. In good hunting bullets, expansion is consistently in the neighborhood of double the diameter and we assume the bullet will retain its weight. If the bullet goes to pieces, losing weight and consequently its sectional density, you might as well forget about it. The heavier bullet has a higher sectional density and will maintain the higher sectional density when it has expanded to double its diameter. In addition, the heavier bullets tend to have lower velocity. At lower velocity the resistance and consequently crushing force on the bullet nose, is lower, so expansion is delayed. This is why heavy bullets have delayed expansion, and do not show the same tendency to blow up on the surface as light bullets even though they have identical impact energy. It is how a given bullet interacts with tissue that determines its lethality."

Tags:bullet, kinetic, wound, resistant, hunting

Abstract
The paper defines types of ballistics and goes into depth on terminal ballistics, velocity, and one-stop shots. The author discusses the effects and actions of the projectile upon impact of a target specifically the human body. What happens when a bullet strikes human flesh? Dismisses several theories in the field using FBI research.

From the Paper
"The study of the firing of projectiles, their flight and how they strike a target is called ballistics. There are several categories of ballistics including internal ballistics, external or exterior ballistics and terminal ballistics. Internal ballistics is concerned with the behavior of the bullet or projectile from the moment it is fired until it leaves the gun barrel. Exterior ballistics deals with the flight of a projectile after it leaves the barrel. One major effect of the bullet's flight is the pull of gravity, which causes the bullet to immediately drop after leaving the barrel and fly on a parabolic path. Terminal ballistics however, is concerned with when the bullet hits a target and the effects produced by that bullet."

Tags:criminalistics, forensic, range, science, velocity, criminal, justice

Abstract
Paper explains the controversial U.S. ballistic missile defense scheme in which Canada plays a comparatively small role despite ample criticism. Discussion of defense and security policy choices according to complex neo-realist rationale warranted post-9/11. Exposition of low quality critiques; reflection on how this is often the case given the basic nature of defense/security planning and knowledge gap; technical/legal rationale versus rhetorical criticism.

From the Paper
Canadian-U.S. Security Relations & Ballistic Missile Defence. Introduction Canadian public sentiment concerning all defense-related agreements with the United States can lag behind public knowledge of a much changed security environment. The United States has researched matters of ballistic missiles and possible missile defense systems since the 1940s as an early venture of the emerging Cold War. In the 1970s, a prototype missile detection and intervention system was in effect briefly through to the 1980s spectacle of President Reagan's notorious Star Wars venture that tended to alienate Canadian opinion from American security matters

Tags:us ballistic miss def, canada involvement, complex n

Abstract
This paper examines the US decision to move forward with a ballistic missile defense system. The author gives a background on the history and technology of ballistic missile defense and then examines the reactions of other countries to the American missile defense decision. Also discussed are the ideological and moral support for missile defense at the state level. Finally, missile defense is analyzed as a political issue in relation to the 2000 elections and as an economic issue for defense contractors and certain parts of the country that stand to gain business from an expanded missile defense.?

From the Paper:

"On March 23, 1983, President Ronald Reagan began one of the most important legacies of the last stage of the Cold War with a speech outlining his Strategic Defense Initiative. The Star Wars program, as it came to be known, immediately created tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as between the US and its allies, and sparked debate over the feasibility, cost, benefits, and consequences of ballistic missile defense (BMD). This debate may not have mattered much when missile defense technology was too immature to make deployment practical or even possible. However, seventeen years later, technology has advanced to the point where the US must decide now whether it wants missile defense in the future. A decision of this magnitude, involving billions of dollars and potentially billions of lives, must be examined closely at all levels of analysis."?
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Tags:reagan, sdi, star, wars, russia, patriot, technology, pentagon, china, bmd

Abstract
This paper relates the laws of physics require that intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) pass though the outer atmosphere. Next, the author looks at the sequence of operations needed to properly launch the anti-ship cruise missile (ASCM), which is among the latest long-range weapons utilized in naval battles. The paper investigates the function of the global positioning system (GPS), which is responsible for the breathtaking precision of cruise missiles. The paper has footnotes and an appendix with photos.

From the Paper
"The important technical factor that makes cruise missiles soar over rocket-powered missiles is that, as it breathes air, it does not have to carry an oxidizer and thus its range is considerably longer compared to a rocket powered missile of equal weight. The rocket powered missile is the front runner on all other aspects. For example it travels much faster, it can fly low, it can have lower radar cross sections, and it can have equal precision. Besides, it is not only simpler, but possibly more dependable. However the advantage of a cruise missile is much more. In order to burn its fuel, a rocket-powered missile must carry oxygen."

Tags:warhead, fuel weight, williams engine, inertial guidance, targets

Abstract
The paper provides a case study of a shootout at a local gang site, where it was not certain who had done the shooting, or why. The paper discusses the use of helpful evidence, including fingerprinting, ballistics, blood and DNA evidence in this case. The paper explains how the crime was eventually solved.

From the Paper
"One of the most important pieces of evidence to be found on the scene was the gun that was used during the event. It was discovered in an adjacent field and could yield a number of key ingredients in building a case. Those key ingredients include the fact that ballistics tests can be run to determine if the pistol was the actual murder weapon. Additionally, the gun can be dusted for fingerprints as well as for any traces of DNA evidence that can be used to determine persons of interest who had handled the gun."

Tags:fingerprinting, ballistics, blood, DNA, defendant, victim, investigator

Abstract
The writer of this paper give a detailed overview into the technical workings of specific rifles and cannons which were used during various wars in the U.S. between 1776-1918. This paper probes the effectiveness of the rifle and cannon which were driven by new innovations in metallurgy, chemistry and ballistics during the 19th century. Specific weapons and firearms reviewed in this paper include: Breechloading rifles and cannons, flintlock rifle and conoidal bullets.

From the Paper
"The flintlock rifle had a slower rate of fire than the musket, but was superior in accuracy and range. The rate of fire was slowed because of the complicated loading process. Each bullet was hammered into the barrel with a mallet, adding gunpowder in a separate action. Nonetheless, it was the dominant weapon in the American Revolution, and the rifle and rifleman became common in Europe as a result."

Tags:firearms, technology, rifles, guns, cannons, war, u.s., history

Abstract
This paper discusses the problems of the residents of Badger, Wisconsin, who are battling to drink contaminant-free water, trying to avoid poisoned fish in Ballistics Pond, and holding their breath while old ammunition sites are burning dinitrotuluene; and yet the government continues to both push and ignore the very destruction that ails them. The author continues that the Department of Defense is spending money on additional armed submarines to continue polluting the oceans. The paper states that, if the United States government wants more money for defense, it should consider taking up effective listening in regards to what might matter to the people in the world.

From the Paper
"The budget proposal mentioned becomes even more sickening when you explore what has happened in Badger further. Badger citizens cannot even drink their own water. According to The Citizens for Safe Water around Badger, "Late on Wednesday, March 3, the Army received results from monitoring wells sampled during the December 2003 round. Several monitoring wells located along the south boundary of Badger detected DNT in groundwater near the intersection of Keller Road and Highway 78 in Sumpter township. DNT levels were detected at 0.02 and 0.05 ppb (parts per billion). The safe drinking water standard for DNTs is 0.05 ppb." The detection of this cancer - causing agent in the Badger water prompted the military to hurry up and wait. Time has elapsed, dollars have been spent, and there is still no cure."

Tags:water, dnr, dnt, ammunition, submarines

Abstract
This paper relates that, like any enjoyable activity, reading a good book gives a sense of movement or freedom by way of feeling and the ability to seek and be wherever, whatever it is while being contained serenely and inevitably by a mysterious source. The writer reveals her love for classic Russian writers, including Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Solzhenitsyn, but not for the more modern writers James Joyce and Thomas Pynchonan, who cause rigor mortis in the brain and in the heart. The paper concludes that whenever the author reads a satisfying novel, she feels an emotion that is like life itself, moving in ballistic force or gently like the lapping waters.

From the Paper
""The Brothers Karamazov" by Dostoevsky, whose style is somewhat violently opposite to that of Tolstoy's, however,captures life in the same realistic manner. Karamazov perfectly renders the force and thrust of emotions - feelings that hurtle like missiles - ballistic, which have to be freed, if only temporarily from the lurid bog of human relationships. Dostoevsky on the surface portrays his characters as typical, like frozen images of certain natures (the mystic Alyosha, the sensual Dmitri, the intellectual Ivan, the buffoon father in murdered Fyodor Karamazov)."

Tags:life, floating elation, benchmark ballistic russian

Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of missile defense, ie. the idea that a defense missile can be used to shoot down an incoming ballistic missile and how the mere idea of this ability in the past threatened to add fuel to an ongoing arms race between the two then superpowers. It evaluates the Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) which was a result of an attempt to add some stability to a very dangerous and unstable Cold War. This paper examines the new challenges to that treaty, challenges which have ultimately left it a remnant of the past and the reasons why President Bush choose to leave the treaty. It attempts to understand the treaty's past, its present situation and the future of American Foreign Policy without its restriction. It analyzes the history and development of missile technology over the tears and the international threat it poses.

From the Paper
"To fully understand the ABM treaty, the issues of the world in which it was made must be taken into account. When Nixon came into the office of the President, the Vietnam War was coming to an end. The goals of the Nixon administration were to decrease America's extent to regional allies and to create stability in the world. The end of the Vietnam War was an example of Nixon's goal to decrease America's protection through non-nuclear assistance to regional allies. Nixon declared that America would provide a nuclear umbrella for her allies but "The primary burden for regional and local defense would lie with the states directly concerned." This policy was a direct result of America's domestic situation at the time."

Tags:bush, nixon, cold, war, iraq, clinton, foreign, policy