From the Paper
" The Mesoamerican Ball Game
Introduction
The Mesoamerican ball game was played for recreational, sociopolitical, and religious reasons. The ball game held a central, primary part in the lives of Mesoamerican people. It was played across a wide geographic area by many different peoples. The ball courts began emerging in the Maya lowlands, at the end of the Middle Formative period (Ashmore 496). There is much, about the ball game, which is only theorized or speculated. The archeological evidence concerning the ball game is limited to the location and design of the ball courts, a few pieces of artifacts found in refuse piles, the contents of caches (when they have been recorded), art work depicting the game in progress, and ethnographic accounts. From these sources of.."

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the history of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. The writer describes the rise and fall of the only league of professional women's baseball in America's history. The writer explains that this league began in light of the shortage of male players due to the war. The writer studies reasons for the league's demise.

From the Paper
"When World War II began taking men off the baseball, diamonds in a crisis loomed in the world of sports. In order to avert such a crisis Philip K. Wrigley of the Chicago Cubs brought together a group of mid-western businessmen and baseball owners to form a committee and suggest alternatives. The committee suggested that they form a league of professional women's softball players to attract audiences and drive revenue. As a result the ... "

Tags:baseball, women's baseball, AAGPBL, world war II, sports

Abstract
The paper examines the video game "Katamari Damacy", and finds that the negative aspects of "Katamari Damacy" revolve around the constant building of a ball. The writer feels that, although it is unique and does not feature shooting or killing (too many video games are violent), the game gets boring. The writer further finds that while it is fun, at first, to see such a unique game that baffles the player who is used to so many action based games, the theme of making bigger and bigger balls can be monotonous.

From the Paper
"This story from The Legend of Zelda game series depicts Link on an adventure that allows him to use the "Minish Cap", which enables him to visit the "tiny people." ("Discover the Magic of the Minish Cap" 2005, para.1) Although the hat seems fun, and it gives him the power to shrink, the storyline seems a little inadequate. Although link does shrink in size, he relatively looks the same as in the other games in the Legend of Zelda series. The only thing different about the character are the creatures that he meets, such as turtles in the Cave of Flames, or the various obstacles that link encounters."

Tags:games, nintendo, video

Abstract
The game of baseball has been the calling card of American sports almost since its inception as a team game. This paper looks at the history of baseball, from its beginnings as a casual game called rounders, through its establishment as a game with rules by Alexander Cartwright in 1845 until the first official game in 1846 between the "New York Nine" and the "Knickerbockers". The paper discusses the leagues, teams and clubs which grew in response to the growing popularity of the sport. Finally, the paper shows how baseball has evolved and changed within American history.

From the Paper
"What Spaulding had to say reminds the American historian that the game became a proving ground for national heroes as it went through changes and developments that coincided with the national agenda and culture. It went through WWII when there were few male players around to play and to fill in the fan base the women's league was started and toured the country to a growing fan base. (AAGPBL website 1996) Baseball went through the civil rights era and could be one of the first places where blacks were publicly integrated with whites. (White 1995) Even today baseball continues to evolve as it begins to change to meet the new fan base of today's America."

Tags:Town, Ball, Abner, Doubleday, Elysian, Field

Abstract
The paper begins with some introductory remarks about the science of physics and by attempting to clear up some misconceptions regarding the way that pitchers throw balls. It then turns to discuss the storage of baseballs in a giant humidor and the effect of humidity on the motion of baseballs. It explores the materials used to make baseball bats and looks at their velocity. The paper concludes with an explanation of the new computer system introduced for the 2002 baseball season and a look at the involvement of physicists and engineers in evaluating this system.

From the Paper
"According to some scientists, pitchers would defy the law of physics if the balls were actually thrown the way they were described. These scientist say a curve ball doesn't actually curve, just appears to do so. They also say a rising fast ball is mislabeled "since a ball thrown overhand can't rise (NPR, 1993)." They say players and announcers are incorrect when they say a ball hops, slides or hisses, since it is scientifically impossible, though they will admit a ball can sink a little. Scientists are quick to point out that a waist-high fast ball doesn't actually rise when it hits your chin, but the hit occurs because the ball doesn't fall as much as you predict it will. Announcers and players will disagree with these physicists, however, because they accept these concepts on faith and not science (NPR, 1993)."

Tags:misconceptions, pitchers, balls, storage, humidity, motion, materials, bats, velocity, computer, system

Abstract
In this essay, the writer looks at the painting 'Croquet Scene' which is one of a series of five paintings dedicated to the game of croquet. The writer explains that at the time of its creation in 1866, croquet was becoming extremely popular in America especially with the upper-middle class. Further, the writer points out that croquet was one of the only activities deemed socially acceptable for both men and women to compete as equals, and so the game offered a good opportunity for interesting compositions. The writer describes that in the painting, the woman in red is lifting the hem of her skirt to place a foot on the ball to "croquet" her opponent's ball off the playing field. The writer then notes that the man kneeling at her feet is reaching out to steady the ball for her, but it is unclear whether his intentions are chivalrous, or if he is performing this courtesy in hopes of getting a glimpse of the woman's ankle, which would have been considered highly erotic at the time. The writer discusses that the ambiguity of the composition makes the piece so much more than just an illustration.

From the Paper
"The focal point of this painting is the croquet ball that the woman in red is about to place her foot on, and there are multiple ways that Homer has manipulated the visual elements of this work to draw the viewer's eye down to the ball. The ball itself is placed within the shadow of the woman in red, bringing the ball's light orange color into stark contrast with the background to where it practically glows. Also, the three standing figures of the women along with the stooping form of the man with the croquet mallet positioned at an inward angle in his hand act as a visual funnel, directing the eye down to the ball. Of course, not only is the figure of the man angled to help this funneling effect, but he is pointing down at the ball as he reaches for it. To reinforce the focal point even more, the largest figure in the foreground, the woman in blue, is pulling down her hat, creating a clean arrow from the swallow-tail sticking out the back of her hat to her elbow, which is pointed directly at the ball."

Tags:painter, ball, ambiguity, colors

Abstract
The differences between American football and Canadian football differ in all areas almost making them completely different games. It explains that the CFL has been misinterpreted as not on the same level as the NFL. In Canada, the CFL is highly regarded and considered a much better game to watch than the NFL. The writer compares certain rules and formats which highlight these differences. It shows that with the differences in play and the rules highlighted, the NFL format seems to be the easier of the two to play.

From the Paper
"If the offensive team loses a ball during play or fumbles the ball, the last team to posses the ball before going out of bounds gains possession in the NFL whereas the last team to touch the ball before it goes out of bounds gains possession in the CFL. A touchdown is scored when any player enters the end zone with the football. If the offensive team chooses, they can get close to the end zone and kick the ball for a field goal. A missed field goal in the CFL is considered live and if the ball is not returned out of the end zone the kicking team receives a point called "rouge" <http://www.football.com/rulesdiff/index.shtml>. The team coming out of the end zone with the missed field goal attempt can return the ball all the way for a touchdown or take possession where the player was downed."

Tags:touchdown, score, ball

Abstract
The paper relates that volleyball is among the first team games which were taught to college women in the 1890s. The paper discusses how team sports for women were controversial, but as women continued to work for political freedom, they began to challenge gender restrictions in competitive sporting opportunities. The paper describes volleyball as a sport that plays on teamwork, movement, hand-eye coordination and endurance. The paper explains the motions of volleyball according to the theories of Sir Isaac Newton.

From the Paper
"Women's volleyball was not always played in today's aggressive manner. In 1895, an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), William Morgan, decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game that would demand less physical contact than basketball. The YMCA took this new game around the globe and introduced this uniquely American sport to the world as volleyball. (Oglesby et al. 291)"

Tags:movement, gender, rights, motion, congruency, net, ball

Abstract
The paper relates that this specific basketball, the Official NBA basketball, is manufactured according to the exact specifications for NBA games and is compared to two other balls. The price comparison is done with a specific sporting goods stored called The Sports Authority as compared to two other stores in Manhattan, New York City. The conclusion is that The Sports Authority should lower its price on the Official ball.

From the Paper
"This research project is centered around the evaluation of the demand price elasticity for a Spalding Official Size NBA Leather Game Basketball. The specific retail location to be focused on is the sporting goods store The Sports Authority, located at Avenue of the Americas,..."

Tags:demand, elasticity, basketballs

Abstract
This paper describes the appearance of the tennis court, the rules of the game, how the players hit the ball, and which muscles are used for each movement and how the scoring works. It describes how the game is judged by umpires and referees and how electronic devices are used to assist the judges. It describes how each part of the body is used during the game.

From the Paper
"The referees in recreational contests are usually the players themselves, but officials in tournaments keep score, judge shots as good or not and interpret rules. The chair umpire heads the judges and sits on a tall chair in one end of the net, while the other line judges sit around the court and away from the movement area of the players."

Tags:score, court, net, body, exercize, play, point, judge