Abstract This paper discusses the dynamics between state and federal policies on crimes and punishments and how it can be illustrated using the crime and corrections statistics of Texas and California. It discusses the nature of the crimes in both states and provides many insights into the differences in their policies. It particularly compares the incidence of violent crimes as well as recidivism between the states.
Table of Contents:
Community Policing
Racial Profiling
Bail Enforcement Issues
Appendices
From the Paper "Critics of bounty hunting however raise the relevance of the practice since the Taylor Decision, central to the justification of the practice, was made shortly after the American Civil War. Furthermore, though there is legislation addressing the function and operation of bounty hunting or bails bonding, there are no methodologies to training or standards to evaluate performance. Neither are there existing or sufficient channels in criminal justice organizations to provide guidance or afford official collaboration for their activities (Langworthy & Travis, 2003). Furthermore, critics point out that the exemption from civil liabilities, legitimize violence and violation of rights as well as contradict due process. There have been a number of states that have imposed criteria for those who can pursue careers as bounty hunters but since there is mo limitation to the jurisdiction of bounty hunters, it is enough to procure license in states which have permissive regulations."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that throughout history the criminal justice system has differentiated between Caucasian and African-American offenders. The writer specifically focuses on the racial disparities in sentencing within the criminal justice system. The writer points out that there are many factors that lead up to the sentencing phase such as the offender's race, the amount of bail, employment, the prosecutor's decision to prosecute or dismiss a case, the victim's race, and the race of the judge. The writer concludes that the criminal justice system has made some minor improvements in preventing racial disparities in sentencing and further action needs to be taken to improve equal justice for all races.
Outline:
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "The presentencing stage may have a greater potential for racial bias. Prosecutors can have a huge influence on the outcome of a case. Prosecutor's recommendations in regards to the amount of bail may indirectly affect the outcome of a case. A high bail can make it extremely difficult for a defendant to post bail and the failure to post bail can result in the probability of a guilty verdict. Usually prosecutors will recommend a pretrial release or detention and the length of pretrial detention can have an affect on the length of sentence and the severity of the conviction charge. The courts in New Haven, Connecticut were investigated and it was reported that African American males and females had a higher bail than Caucasians. Racial disparities was also revealed in New Haven that African Americans were required to put up a cash or surety bonds before their release from detention more frequently than Caucasians. There was also a similarity in New York City were an examination of more than 5,000 felonies and misdemeanors revealed that Caucasian defendants received a cash alternative option for release more frequently than minority defendants. An investigation in Florida in regards to felonies involving non-narcotics offenses found that Caucasian females received a lower bail than Caucasian males but that nonwhite females did not receive a lower bail than nonwhite males."
Examines leadership style & marketing strategies of chairman of Chrysler Corp. & his impact on the industry. Politics, competition, federal bail-out, successes & failures.
4,950 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 31 sources, 1997, $ 135.95
From the Paper "IACOCCA, CHRYSLER, AND THE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Introduction
This research analyzes the leadership style of the former Chrysler Corporation CEO Lee Iacocca, the competitive forces that shaped the automobile manufacturing industry during Iacocca's tenure at Chrysler, and the marketing strategies followed by Chrysler under Iacocca's leadership. The findings of this research are presented in two major sections. The initial section deals with Iacocca's leadership style, while the second section covers both the competitive forces that shaped the automobile manufacturing industry during Iacocca's tenure at Chrysler, and the marketing strategies followed by Chrysler under Iacocca's leadership."
Compares three nations' approaches to pre-trial detention and custody of criminal suspects. Discusses history of legal systems, power of arrest, rights of the accused, arraignment, bail, speedy trial and major cases.
4,950 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 41 sources, 1999, $ 135.95
From the Paper "INVESTIGATIVE CUSTODY IN THE UNITED STATES, ENGLAND AND FRANCE
This research paper outlines and then compares and contrasts the differing approaches of the American, English and French legal systems to the investigative custody or pre-trial detention of ordinary criminal suspects (those who are not aliens, spies, terrorists, juveniles or mental incompetents). For historical and constitutional reasons, stricter limits are placed on the ability of the authorities to hold suspects in custody in England and the United States than is true in France. The English system relies primarily on voluntary self-restraint by the police, operating within established judicial case law and, more recently, statutory codification of the rules regarding pre-trial detention. The American system relies primarily on federal and ..."
Abstract Discusses demand in the airline industry. Two types of passengers: the business traveler (immediate needs) & the leisure traveler (long-range plans). Impact of the early 2001 turndown in air traffic & rising fuel costs, and effect of 9/11. Demand variables for Southwest. Performance. Financial controls & profits. Marketing. Government bail-outs.
From the Paper "Demand; Southwest Airlines and the Airline Industry
Overview:
Demand in the airline industry is based on two types of passenger/customers: the business traveler, whose last minute arrangements require full fare and earn the most profit for the airlines; and the leisure traveler who- with family or alone- can make plans well ahead of time and therefore can arrange for the most economical prices. As long as the economy in the U.S. was rising, and business was good and discretionary income was high, the airlines were doing good business. In other words, the basic demands controlling the airline industry were the immediate needs of business travelers and long-range plans for vacationers.
But, after several years of a booming economy, when the airline..."
Abstract Private industry, non-profit organizations and individuals each depend on the thrift industry to provide them with necessary financial resources. The thrift industry is unique in that its products provide infusions of capital to the economy. The direction that policymakers set affects not just their bank or their industry, but the economy as a whole. Because of its unusual position in the economy, this industry is subject to high levels of regulation and oversight. This research examines the United States government policy associated with the thrift industry and whether the 1989 "bail out" and policies since that time are in the public interest.
From the Paper "Under Glass-Steagall, banks cannot underwrite corporate debt or equity securities, or purchase such securities for their own accounts. However, they may underwrite some government securities (such as some municipal bonds), purchase investment securities and serve as an agent for customers once they have received specific instructions from the customer. In addition, Federal Reserve member banks cannot be affiliated with companies whose principal activity is within the securities market. Similarly, securities firms, cannot take deposits, and employees, directors and officers of commercial banks are prohibited from being actively involved with investment banks (and vice versa) ("Financial services," 2000, p. 23)."
Tags: Glass-Steagall Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act FIRREA
Abstract This paper investigates progressive social change through examining community organizations and the policies of bail decisions and rational sentencing.
Abstract This paper will discuss the social and business implications against the job cuts that are presently occurring in Delta Airlines. By using the social ramifications of 9/1 to illustrate this economic hardship we can see how the United States government bails out this troubled airline.
Abstract Examines the 1989 government bail-out actions and polices and the interaction between protection policies and the thrift industry. Examines government infusion of capital preventing collapse.
From the Paper "Private industry, non-profit organizations and individuals each depend on the thrift industry to provide them with necessary financial resources. The thrift industry is unique in that its products provide infusions of capital to the economy...."
This paper discusses that the problem of obesity in elementary school children is beginning to be examined from a more holistic viewpoint, rather than placing blame on the vending machine or home computer.
Abstract This paper explores the connection between the elimination of physical education in many schools and the part played by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), which has responsibility for the national school lunch program. The author also points out that society has changed; children no longer walk to school or play at recess, and competitive team sports have left a lot of children behind. The paper cites that the food companies, having stepped in to bail out some school athletic programs that focus on competitive team sports, also have encouraged snacking on less nutritious, obesity-causing foods.
Table of Contents
Thumbs Down on PE
Feeding for Fat
Literature Review
Conclusion
From the Paper "A panel discussion reported in the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics contained information relevant to both nutrition and exercise vis a vis childhood obesity. One speaker noted that in 2001, Texas, an advertisement urged the return by law of PE to its school curricula. Another speaker noted a program called ?Girls on the Run,? which involved students in non-competitive games as a way to increase physical activity. And still another noted the connection between makers of non-nutritional foods and school sports; the manufacturers often contribute heavily to schools? coffers, with the money used for competitive team sports in which very few students participate. It recommended at least making fruits and other healthy choices available."
Abstract To determine the changes in responsibilities of federal pretrial officers over the years, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature to include the background and an overview of the federal agency; a description of its policies, procedures, and practices; a description of the structure of the agency; and an assessment of current and future trends. A summary of the research and relevant findings are presented in the conclusion.
From the Paper "In the early 1980s, when Congress was considering expansion of pretrial services into all federal courts, federal magistrates testified that neither defense lawyers nor prosecutors were able to provide them with the requisite information for an informed bail decision. Members of the judiciary were clear on how to resolve this need: Judge Gerald B. Tjoflat (11th Circuit), then Chairman of the Committee on the Administration of the Probation System of the Judicial Conference of the United States, stated: "[T]he administration of justice is far better served when a magistrate or judge setting conditions of bail under the Bail Reform Act of 1966 has sufficient accurate and objective information regarding the defendant, his background, the offense and all other evidence that relates to the question of whether he will appear for trial" (p. 12). The judicial system is better served when the judge can make an informed decision, and pretrial services has made a major step in that direction (Mahoney et al., 2001). In the Pretrial Services Act of 1982, Congress subsequently expanded the pilot program by establishing pretrial service agencies in all 94 federal district courts."
Abstract This paper explains that the notion of change, both of the Irish nation through colonizing British politics and the character of the central protagonist Owen of Brian Friel's play "Translations" (1980) is continually debated throughout the play, which is set in Baile Beag during the 19th century, then an Irish-speaking community in County Donegal. The author points out that, between Act II and Act III, Owen's attitude towards the Irish begins its most fundamental change as he realizes that the true purpose of the English solicitation of translation is not to modernize or improve Ireland but to make taxation of Irish provinces easier for the Mother Country and to make sites of potential military unrest more easily identifiable in the case of military turmoil. The paper relates that the play "Translations" is presented as a series of conflicts between the Irish and English military as well as between ancient and modern attitudes to the world beyond Ireland.
From the Paper "Towards the end of the play, as Owen's views begin to change, he also begins to rediscover his Irish roots through his new immersion in Irish culture. The town has changed-it has grown more radically opposed to Britain. At first, Owen is purely frustrated with individuals such as Manus, who can speak English, yet chooses not to, to demonstrate his local rather than national pride and says, "What's 'incorrect' about the place-names we have here?" Magnus rages against the enforced renaming. Manus is far from uneducated-as a student from a local hedge school he can speak Irish, Latin, and Greek. Magnus prefers, however, to dwell in the Classical rather than the present day, something that Owen first believes is simply ludicrous, even while he gradually begins to appreciate the difficulties of translation more fully, as he attempts to give County Donegal English names."
Abstract This paper begins by explaining the original role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and then explains the role that the IMF has taken over more recently - that of bailing out small countries in times of distress. The paper then states that the United States is currently the world economic leader, and is over-represented in the global banking community. The author explains that one major change occurring in the global economy is the influence of non-shareholders on business, primarily by boycotts. The paper also looks at the issue of ethics in current global economics.
Table of Contents:
The Roles of Financial Institutions in a Global Economy
Changes in the Financial Services Industry over the Next Decade
Expected Changes in Stakeholder Relationships as a Result of Financial Institution Change
Ethics Issues in Financial Services
From the Paper "When it was founded, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) intended to coordinate global macroeconomic policy; since then, its work has changed and it has evolved into a different entity (Bird and Joyce, 2001, p. 75). Its mandate was once thought to be preventing global financial disaster by making emergency loans to developing and distressed nations when that nation's own financial institutions were not able to surmount economic difficulties. Despite the fairly widespread and deep Asian economic crisis of a few years ago, in which financial institutions in the region were distressed and unable to handle the capital demands alone, Bird and Joyce note that recent economic reversals have been relatively self-contained and self-limiting, unlike the Great Depression, for example; this fact dictates the relationship of financial institutions to the global economy. Politics made it likely that financial institutions from various nations would have their own ideas of what shape financial aid and financial aid reform should take (Bird and Joyce, 2001, p. 75)."
Tags: business, international, economy, economics, International, Monetary, Fund, IMF
Abstract In this paper, the writer discusses that the Baile, Egyptian Cabaret, and Nritta represent a cross-cultural connection in world dance, which embodies the love that men and women share for each other. In this manner, the religious idioms of the cultures described here represent the manner of movement that depicts love, but through the sacred ideals of commitment and love. The writer points out that although these differ slightly in the accompaniment of dancers, or in the stylistics of the choreography, there is a archetypal cultural unifier that relates the desire and higher love of men and women across the world.
From the Paper "This study examines the multi-cultural aspects of "divine love" in Kathak, Middle Eastern, and Flamenco dancing. Within these dances there is a greater blend of different cultural values that make up each of the formats of these dances. In this manner, the chain of influence upon the Kathak, Middle Eastern, and Flamenco dances offer a multi-cultural depiction of how dance is not created within the limitations of geographical boundaries. By understanding the cultural similarities based in these dances, one can realize the power of movement that is a commonality within the religious and divine nature of love. The Kathak dance is a religiously based dance that formally uses the divinity of love for Indian gods, and their dance in the Cosmos."
