Abstract
This paper discusses the diseases associated with the bacterium called Proteus vulgaris. The paper outlines its history, explains how the bacterium is transmitted, and its diagnosis. The paper also discusses prevention of the diseases that Proteus vulgaris causes, and their treatment.

Outline:
Proteus Vulgaris
What is Proteus Vulgaris?
History
How is the Bacterium Spread?
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Outline
References

From the Paper
"As noted earlier, Proteus vulgaris is present in the gastro-intestinal tracts of animals, including humans as part of normal human intestinal flora but is also sometimes found in the soil, stagnant water, fecal matter, putrified meat and dust. Other habitats of the bacteria include long-term care facilities and hospitals, where this gram-negative bacilli is known to colonize both the skin and oral mucosa of patients and hospital personnel. Infection is primarily spread from these reservoirs. However, Proteus species are not the most common cause of infections and even among the infections caused by the Proteus species of the bacilli, Proteus vulgaris is the cause of a still smaller percentage of infections. For example, the Proteus group of bacteria is the cause of a small percentage of all urinary tract infections (UTI) ; out of these, Proteus mirabilis causes 90% of all Proteus infections and Proteus vulgaris is the cause of even smaller cases of UTI."

Tags:infections stagnant water gastro-intestinal microbe bacteria, intestinal tracts, prevention hygiene antibiotics diagnosis

Abstract
This paper discusses the bacterium Escherichia coli, the disease that it causes, and how humans can become infected with it. It reports on a test done to determine the percentage of grocery store beef and chicken contaminated with the bacterium and how much of the contaminated meat showed evidence of cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity.

From the Paper
"This paper discusses the bacterium Escherichia coli, the disease that it causes and how humans can become infected with it. It reports on a test done to determine the percentage of grocery store beef and chicken contaminated with the bacterium and how much of the contaminated meat showed evidence of cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity.
"Escherichia coli or E coli is a bacterium that commonly lives in the intestines of people and animals in a non-pathogenic form. (Lee Marks) E coli can..."

Tags:E. coli 0157:H7, hemolytic, cytotoxic, beef, chicken, materials and methods

Abstract
This paper discusses Helicobacter Pylori, a bacterium that causes gastritis of the inner lining of the stomach in humans and is the most common cause of ulcers worldwide. The paper presents a brief history of the discovery of the bacterium and examines the various modes of transmission. Possible methods of diagnosis and treatment are explored.

Outline
Introduction
History of H. Pylori
Structure
Mode of Transmission
Immune Response Avoidance
Diagnosis
Therapy

From the Paper
"H. pylori is transmitted from person to person. While the exact mode of transmission is not entirely understood, evidence suggests that contact with infected vomit or stool will increase the risk of developing an infection due to H. pylori. The use of contaminated gastric tubes and the act of belching have been implicated in transferring H. pylori from the gastric cavity to the oral cavity and consequently to a new victim through oral contact. The direct consumption of H. pylori contaminated water, food, gastric contents or fecal matter will significantly increase the risk of developing infection (Perez-Perez, Rothenbacher and Brenner 4)."

Tags:ulcer, gastritis, gastric, cavity

Abstract
The small Hawaiian squid Euprymna scolopes and the planktonic bacterium Vibrio fischerii are partners in a rather intriguing symbiotic association. The squid harbors the bioluminescent - literally, glowing - bacteria within a small chamber on its underside, providing protection for the squid via a phenomenon known as counter-illumination. This paper provides a general survey of the symbiosis, its mechanisms and its biology and describes ongoing research into the biological system.

From the Paper
"The Hawaiian islands and the waters surrounding them teem with the activities of life. Species native to Hawaii's offshore area run a veritable gamut from microscopic plankton- small, free-floating organisms, including some bacterial species- to a wealth of relatively large animal species. Even in such a biologically diverse environment, however, it is fair to say that the small squid Euprymna scolopes is, as the proverbial saying goes, the little fish in a big pond."

Tags:bacteriology, mollusks, Cephalopoda

Abstract
The paper looks at the cause of a MRSA (staphylococcus aureus) infection and explains its risks for families and schools and for persons who have existing health problems. The paper then discusses its diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Outline:
What is the Causative Agent for MRSA?
What is the Problem with this Disease?
What are the Ways for Diagnosis of MRSA?
What are the Ways of Treatment and/or Prevention?

From the Paper
"The British Association of Medical Microbiologists reports that MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus) is a bacterium frequently found in the noses of up to 30 percent of "normal healthy people." It is often found on human skin, as well. But if the Staphylococcus aureus gets inside the body it can cause "important infections such as boils or pneumonia," the report continues. The problem with this particular strain of this bacterium is that there are no antibiotics that can knock it down once it has entered the internal part of the human body. The www.link.med.ed.ac.uk British medical Web site points out that individuals can become carriers of MRSA in the same exact way that they can carry the ordinary Staphylococcus aureus - by "physical contact with the organism.""

Tags:pneumonia, boils, antibiotics, diagnosis, treatment, prevention

Abstract
This paper discusses anthrax, an acute infectious disease that came into the limelight recently due to the anthrax attacks in the United States in the weeks following the September 2001 terror attacks, causing widespread panic. The paper includes information on how the disease is caused, types of anthrax, symptoms of the disease and its treatment. The paper also presents information on the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States and examines what makes anthrax a good bioterrorism agent.
Outline
Introduction
How is Anthrax Caused?
Bacillus Anthracis
Types of Anthrax and Ways in Which it can Infect Humans
Treatment
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
The 2001 Anthrax Attacks

From the Paper
"Anthrax is caused by the bacterium 'Bacillus anthracis' that is highly lethal in its virulent form. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic animals, but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals, tissue from infected animals, or high concentrations of anthrax spores. Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium which causes anthrax, is rod-shaped and about 1 by 6 micrometres in size. It was the first bacterium ever to be shown to cause disease by Robert Koch in 1877. The bacteria normally rest in spore form in the soil, and can survive for decades in this state. When ingested by a plant eating animal, the bacteria starts to multiply and eventually kills the animal. They even continue to reproduce in the carcass but eventually revert back to the dormant spore state when they run out of nutrients. ("Bacillus anthracis.")"

Tags:bioterrorism, bacillus, anthracis

Abstract
This paper discusses leprosy and the evolutionary strategies of the bacterium that increases its ability to reproduce with psychological factors that result in existing cognitive schema from the medieval civilization to present.

Abstract
This paper covers the history of the epidemic of the bacterium that came to be known as the bubonic plague. It begins in 540 A.D., with the first record of its occurrence, and continues to show its from the Mediterranean throughout Europe and Asia. The plague's spread to England in the 1600s led to the first autopsies being conducted and began the search for a cause and cure to this disease. It has virtually been eliminated in our lifetime with only isolated cases occurring, although, there are now fears that it can be isolated and used as a bio-weapon by terrorists in today's world.

From the Paper
"Despite of what is thought, the bubonic plague did not end in medieval times. It has kept killing people all the way until today. The next big outbreak after the one in 1665 was in China in 1894. It then spread west to Bombay, India, and in that the time it took to do that the disease killed millions of people. The next couple of decades after that outbreak, scientists were able to identify and classify the disease and its history. However it could at times be difficult for the scientists because symptoms of the bubonic plague often resembled those of other diseases common in the hot climate of the jungles in India."

Tags:black, bubonic, death, pestis, plague, yersinia, vaccination, cure, bacteria, microscopes, scientists, bio-terrorists, bacteria, europe, studies, bitten, flea, cell, immune, system, jungles, india, brazil, united, states, military, research

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth research paper on the history and development of cloning. The author discusses such topics as procedures and methods, specific experiments, and risks and repercussions of genetic engineering. The paper also includes a discussion of birth defects in cloned animals, stem cell research, and the political and ethical debates concerning genetic engineering.

From the paper:

"Cloning is a form of genetic engineering in which the DNA of a person, animal, plant, or bacterium is used to produce a perfect or near perfect genetic replica of the original. A new individual is created from a single cell. Each group of researchers has its own specific technique. The best known is the Roslin technique, and the most effective and most recently developed technique is the Honolulu technique. The most commonly known are the Roslin Technique, The Honolulu Technique, and nuclear transfer. A technique known as twinning also exists, but it can only be used before an organism's cells split. The cloning of Dolly the sheep is considered by many to be the most important event in cloning history. Dolly was created by the Roslin Technique, which was created by the researchers at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. It spurred public interest in cloning and proved that the cloning of adult animals could be achieved. Until then, it was not known if an adult nucleus was able to produce a completely new animal. Genetic damage was possible, and researchers did not know if the damage would be reversible, but nevertheless, they took the chance."

Tags:biotechnology, cell, dna, dolly, engineering, gene, genetic, imprinting, nuclear, research, roslin, stem, transfer, twinning

Abstract
This paper deals with the disease anthrax and the bacterium that causes it. Included is information on history, tests, where it is found, how and who contracts it, symptoms, treatments, and uses as a biological weapon.

From the Paper
"Since the events of September 11 shocked our nation we have become increasingly concerned with the possibility of further terrorist attacks. President Bush has already added a new member to his cabinet; Tom Ridge now serves as the Homeland Defense Secretary. Words such as anthrax and biological warfare, which are not usually seen unless you look for them, can now be found almost every time you turn on the television, pick up the newspaper or log-on to the internet. If you had taken a survey of Americans three months ago asking them "What is anthrax?" the most common response next to "I don't know" would probably have been "Hey, isn't that a rock band?" Now it can almost be considered a household word. Since September 25th several people in the United States have become infected with a disease called anthrax, some have even died, because of exposure to letters containing a white powder from an, as of yet, unknown mailer. When used as a biological weapon, anthrax posses a serious threat to people and the environment and therefore should not be used as such."

Tags:anthracis, bacillus, biological, cipro, cutaneaous, inhalation, intestinal, warfare