Abstract
The paper discusses how bacteria are all around us, inside us, and are present even on very clean surfaces. This research aims to learn more about how bacteria grow and how people can clean better to reduce the number of bacteria in their environment and to understand which bacteria are harmful and which are not.

From the Paper
"Bacteria are all around us and even inside us. People often do not think about bacteria unless they have a dirty floor or a dirty sink, but bacteria are present even on very clean surfaces. This research was undertaken to learn more bout how bacteria grow and how people can clean better to reduce the number of bacteria in their environment. Bacteria are defined as microbes and are the simplest, most abundant, and oldest life form on Earth, extending back 3.5 billion years. There are about a billion bacteria in a teaspoon of soil. While some do cause..."

Tags:bacteria, cells, properties

Abstract
This paper begins with a look at what Staphylococcus aureus is as a bacteria and provides a bit of history. The bulk of the paper discusses where the bacteria can be found, what its various strains are and what illnesses are associated with it.

From the Paper
"Staphylococci often appears in clusters but may also appear in pairs or short chains (FDA). The bacteria are gram-positive, nonmotile, non-spore forming, and catalase-positive (Tolan & Baorto). Of the more than thirty species of staphylococci, only the aureus and the epidermidis "are significant in their interactions with humans," (Todar). Todar notes, "nearly all strains of S. aureus produce the enzyme coagulase: nearly all strains of S. epidermidis lack this enzyme." Others can infect humans, but staphylococcus aureus is by far the most common of the genus."

Tags:bacteria, biology, disease

Abstract
This paper explains the structure, composition and function of viruses and bacteria. The paper also describes a disease caused by a virus and its treatment as well as a virus caused by a bacterium and its treatment. In addition, the paper discusses the development of antibiotic resistance by bacteria.

From the Paper
"Viruses are not composed of cells and cannot metabolize or multiply on their own. They consist of either DNA or RNA in from four to thousands of genes surrounded by a protein coat. Sometimes there is an additional coat surrounding the protein. Viruses can be as small as ribosomes or large enough to be seen under a normal light microscope. The genes of a virus can be composed of single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA and the coat can consists of one..."

Tags:bacteria, viruses, antibiotic resistance

Abstract
The paper reveals that listeria monocytogenes bacteria is widespread in nature, and in high risk humans, listeriosis, the disease caused by ingestion can be severe or fatal. The paper explains that the challenge to proper santitization in food processing plants is due to the ability of this bacterium to live successfully under various environmental conditions and to form biofilms, which are resistant to typical cleaning and sanitizing procedures.

From the Paper
"Listeria monocytogenes is a rod-shaped bacterium that is widespread in nature. It is found in both wild and domestic animals including birds and mammals, as well as some fish, crustaceans, and insects (Todar 2). L. monocytogenes is also found in soil and water. Vegetables can be contaminated with these bacteria if grown in soil fertilized with manure. Listeriosis is the term used for the disease symptoms caused by a severe infection of L. monocytogenes. One of the interesting features of this bacterium is that some humans (perhaps up to 10% of the population) can..."

Tags:listeria, monocytogenes, bacteria

Abstract
This paper discusses the classification, structure and functioning of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The paper presents the methods of reproduction and mechanisms of pathogenesis, and then lists the antimicrobial agents used against them. For each case, the paper highlights one disease and discusses the laboratory diagnosis.

From the Paper
"Bacteria are prokaryotes, i.e. they do not have their DNA enclosed in a nucleus. They are among the earliest life forms that appeared on Earth billions of years ago and helped change the environment, creating oxygen which enabled higher forms to evolve..."

Tags:bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

Abstract
This paper first explains that fecal coliform and escherichia coli (E. coli), a rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and feces of warm-blooded animals, are the preferred indicators that freshwater recreational waters are contaminated. ). Next, the paper relates that bacteria production increases in southern Georgia blackwater rivers and subtropical streams, which have relatively high temperatures during the spring and summer months. The paper concludes that regulating the amount of fecal coliform in the water by controlling the sources, especially from agriculture, would help greatly with decreasing the health risks for humans.

From the Paper
"In southern Georgia, agriculture is fairly common and farm animals as well as wildlife are many. Manure is a valuable source of nutrients for the soil but it can also be an environmental contaminate if it is handled improperly. Manure could be an issue if it were to runoff into surface water or even groundwater. It is rich in bacteria which could be a major contributor to fecal coliform in blackwater rivers. It is believed that after large amounts of rainfall, the manure could travel into the water system. Studies have shown that, after a spring month application of manure on fields, E. coli was still discovered in the fall months."

Tags:sanitary, intestinal tract, shiga toxins, farm animals, runoff

Abstract
The paper describes the experiment that tested five different water sources and the experiment that inoculated five Petri dishes with samples from different sources. The paper explains the results of these experiments and discusses how the presence and amount of coliforms indicate that the water source is polluted, or in contact with domestic sewage, animal wastes, soil, plant, or animal material.

Outline:
Introduction
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"Water is an important part of one's survival. Therefore, the existence of clean, potable water source is integral to one's health. Unfortunately, many mircoorganisms can thrive in drinking water source, and a small glass of water from that infected water source can cause a number of life-threatening gastrointestinal diseases such as gastroenteritis, dysentery, giardiasis, typhoid, cholera, and hepatitis (Parrott, Ross, and Woodard, par. 1). In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) has been investigating the disease burden of occupational and environmental risk factors, one of which is water, sanitation, and hygiene. It has been found that the worldwide risk factor of water, sanitation, and hygiene accounted for 5.3% of all deaths and 6.8% of all disability-adjusted life year (DALYs) (Pruss, Kay, Fewtrell, and Bartram, 2002). Furthermore, WHO estimated that every eight seconds, a child dies from a water-related disease every year, and more than five million people died from illnesses linked to unsafe drinking water or inadequate sanitation (Fewtrell and Bartram, p. 62)."

Tags:sanitation, pollution, microorganisms, hygiene

From the Paper
"Plaque Bacteria: Ecology, Pathogenesis, and Control


The human mouth contains an abundance of micro.organisms. These oral bacteria have certain characteristics in common. For example, all possess surface molecules and the concomitant capacity for cell.to.cell interaction. This contributes to their ability to form dental plaque. Plaque is a protective bacterial film which naturally accumulates on teeth. It has a number of beneficial effects. Excessive plaque formation, however, may also contribute to diseases such as gingivitis and peridontitis. Therefore, bacterial proliferation in the mouth requires some form of control. Various means can be employed to maintain microbial populations at levels compatible with health. Currently, antimicrobial agents are used. Perhaps in the future additional methods will evolve."

Abstract
This detailed paper defines periodontitis as the swelling of the soft tissues surrounding the teeth which is characterized by puffy tender gums and if left untreated ultimately results in tooth loss. Periodontitis arises due to the deposition of bacterial plaque in the teeth below the gum line. This paper details the causes, symptoms and treatment of periodontitis.
Topics covered in this report include:
What is Periodontitis?
Bacteria and Periodontitis
What are the Causes for Periodontitis?
What are the Signs of Periodontitis?
How to Prevent Gum Disease?
Treatment for Periodontitis
Periostat and Periodontitis
Role of Bacteria in Periodontitis
Role of Bacteria in Oral Halitosis
Spirochaetes, a Special Form of Bacteria
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Bacteria are the main cause for a gum disease, and to improve the gum health it is important to remove bacteria. But bacteria are not the straight cause for the gum and dental bone tissue damage and consequent teeth loss. The gum and bone tissue damage are actually caused by the body's own resistance against bacterial infection. But how can this be? The body has a natural infection-fighting mechanism and it sends white blood cells to the infected site."

Tags:oral, medicine, dental, care, bacteria, dentistry

Abstract
This paper deals with how spots occur (inflamed lesions), and their subsequent bacterial growth. It gives details into how the effect of various concentrations of anti-bacterial facewashes affect the spread of bacteria. A thorough experimental aceptic technique is made reference to in this paper.

From the Paper
"A spot starts when a pore in the skin becomes blocked - usually with oil (sebum) and dead skin cells, which the skin produces. As the pore becomes blocked, it becomes infected with bacteria, which are normally present on the surface of the skin. These bacteria breakdown the oil and dead cells to form chemicals which cause swelling, redness and the formation of an "inflamed lesion" or a SPOT."

Tags:agar, anti, asceptic, bacteria, bacterial, clearing, coli, epidermis, inflamed, lesions, ph, spots, technique, temperature, zone