Abstract
The paper discusses the back to Africa movement through a three way correspondence of letters between Thomas Jefferson, Paul Cuffe and Robert Finley.

From the Paper
"Robert Finley to Thomas Jefferson: "It is with interest that I read your statement regarding your conviction that there is no way for Africans to live in society in the United States as free people. While I disagree with this and believe that freedom should not be a gift given to a small number of Americans, I doagree with your solution to what is indeed a troubling problem. Freeing American slaves and deporting them peacefully to Africa would be a morally correct project...""

Tags:Back to Africa, Robert Finley, Thomas Jefferson, Paul Cuffe

Abstract
This is a community health related assessment concerning the issue of low back pain among nurses. After a review of the prevalence of the disorder, the paper includes a comprehensive assessment examining biophysical, psychological, physical, socio-cultural, behavioral and healthcare system implications related to the problem. A critical analysis and community nursing diagnosis is also provided.

From the Paper
"According to the US Department of Health (Brown, 2003) every day approximately 9,000 healthcare workers become disabled through injury on the job. Worker's compensation claims for healthcare workers related to back injuries are approximately $1.7 billion (Goldsmith, 2001) based on an injury frequency of 1 in 10 work related back injuries ending up with an injured nurse. According to Hedge (n.d.), the rate of injury to nurses is approximately twice that for all industries combined. Approximately 12% of nurses leave the profession each year due to back pain and back related injuries (ANA President Barbara Blakeney, 2004 as cited in "ANA Launches," 2004)."

Tags:back, pain, nurses

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that chronic non-specific low back pain is defined as back pain that continues for more than 12 weeks often without a specific source or triggering factor. The writer notes that at present, chronic low back pain is considered by doctors to be the most expensive benign disease in industrialized countries because it significantly limits the number of physical and non-physical activities that a person might do. The writer points out that due to the rising cost to the economy because of back pain, it becomes very important to find cheaper alternative treatments and management strategies to prevent it from occurring and to lessen the pain associated with it. The writer concentrates on Pilates exercises. The writer concludes that Pilates exercises not only focus on the core muscles associated with low back pain, but have confirmed pain management effects.

Outline:
Introduction
Using Pilates to Improve Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain
Results of the Pilates Intervention Program
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One of the cheaper alternative treatments that have been found for chronic non-specific low back pain is exercise therapy. Exercise therapy for back pain focuses on the key areas of the back so that the person suffering from it can slowly become more confident to use their spine and become less afraid of the physical pain associated with using it. As exercise therapy progresses, the back muscles are strengthened and the individual will experience less pain with physical activity. Exercise therapy is also cheaper than traditional physiotherapy since it can be performed in groups with only a single instructor while physiotherapy mandates expensive one-on-one session with a physical therapist."

Tags:treatments, exercise, therapy, muscles

Abstract
This paper briefly details the geomorphology of Hog's Back Falls. To begin with, the paper looks at the modern incarnation of the falls as most local citizens understand it. Going further, the paper subsequently looks at the prehistoric development of the falls' site and the odd creatures that made the location their home eons ago. The stratigraphy of the region is then explored and the paper concludes by pointing out how the features of the Hog's Back Falls site cannot be fully understood until it is placed within a broader geographical matrix that includes a large portion of eastern Ontario. In closing, the Hog's Back Falls is a good example of how the changes wrought by mankind often pale beside the changes wrought by nature.

From the Paper
"In the crucial decades preceding this nation's official founding in 1867, the focus of attention was upon facilitating the commercial and mercantile growth of Upper Canada as much as possible. With this as the driving imperative, canal construction came to be seen as an excellent means of upgrading the province's infrastructure. Lt. Colonel John By took the lead in crafting the new artificial water-way system and the end result was not only a new canal, but also a new dam and a massive waste water weir capable of controlling the excess water of the Rideau River during its most swollen times in the spring ("Hog's Back Falls," para.1-4). Suffice it to say, this is what ordinary citizens of Ottawa think of when asked to describe the Hog's Back Falls."

Tags:nature, Ontario, sediment, Ottawa

Abstract
This paper discusses the book "The Bitch is Back: Wicked Women in Literature", by feminist writer Sarah Apleton Aguiar. It discusses her position that for a while the bitch was banished from feminist fiction as it became politically incorrect to create evil women in literature. The paper describes the roles of women in literature from as far back as the wicked stepmother in Cinderella, to more modern films and novels.

From the Paper
"It could be argued that she is a new representation of an old, basic type in fairy tales--the stepmother who hates and resents her stepchild. It helps to consider the historical context of the stepmother in fairy tales in order to understand her. Mothers often died in childbirth, which left the home motherless. A new wife, who married to earn a living, agreed to raise the surviving orphans. Sellers (2001) argues that the stepmother is really a victim herself of patriarchy. Be that as it may, the stepmother is self-absorbed and heartless. She interprets everything the stepchild does maliciously, as though the child were out to ruin her. The fairy tale stepmother also wants to be certain that her own child reaps all the material advantages and inherits the father's money. She wants to turn the father against his own child. The twist is that in Ordinary People, Beth's "own" child, Buck, is dead. Both boys were in the sailboat when the storm came up, but Buck "let go." Conrad, on the other hand, hung on and lived. So she hates him for it. Her own child is dead, and she's stuck with the stepchild."

Tags:stereotypical, mother, evil

Abstract
This paper briefly analyzes the poem "I Give You Back," using New Criticism methods, which shows how the poem makes use of the paradox of fear to convey the idea that the narrator is taking back the control over her life from an emotion that has dominated her for too long.

From the Paper
"An underlying paradox is that the narrator uses fear to rationalize her negative experiences in life. She blames fear for having "raped and sodomized my brothers and sisters" and for stealing "the food from our plates when we were starving" (Lines 10-12). This paradox can be interpreted as that either her fear of others prevented her from actually stopping them from abusing her relatives, or figuratively that people's fear of pain or punishment impedes them from stopping the abuse and starvation of their fellow beings. "

Tags:new, criticism

Abstract
This paper briefly provides a review of lower back pain, from a review of the main types of lower back pain to their causes. It explains that this is a very treatable condition and suggests methods for prevention and cure.

From the Paper
"Many adults suffer from lower back pain, and indeed back pain is one of the main reasons for patients seeking treatment from their family doctor: it is estimated that lower back pain costs the US health care system $25 billion annually in diagnosis and treatment (Bratton, 1999). The effective diagnosis and early treatment of lower back pain is therefore desirable (Bratton, 1999)."

Tags:spinal, injury, diagnosis

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the case study by Fraser and Crittendon and the problem facing battered women in the United States today. It then provides a SWOT analysis of the organization, Battered Women Fighting Back! Relevant recommendations and a summary of the research are provided in the conclusion.

From the Paper
"While there has been some progress made in recent years to help battered women in the United States deal with their problem, the issue remains at the forefront of the public's attention thanks to the efforts of authors such as Jennifer Fraser and Victoria L. Crittendon. In their case study, "Battered Women Fighting Back!," Fraser and Crittendon provide an overview of how the organization was started as a prison-based support group in 1992 by Stacey Kabat. Over the years, the group's focus expanded to include providing educational materials and services designed to increase public awareness of the problems facing battered women and what could be done to ameliorate the situation."

Tags:abuse, domestic, welfare

Abstract
This paper examines and reviews the book "Which Side are you on? Trying to be for Labor When it's Flat on its Back," by Thoma Geoghegan, a labor lawyer who has a dim view of the modern American labor movement. The paper discusses Geoghegan's beliefs that the labor movement is past its prime and usefulness and will eventually dwindle away, dying a lingering and painful death and leaving millions of Americans unrepresented in its wake. The paper shows, through reference to statistics, that Geoghegan's predictions from 1991 seem to coming true, with trade union membership figures dwindling along with their power. The author of the paper presents reasons why he agrees with Geoghegan's thesis.

From the Paper
"To prove his point, the author follows the descent and crash of the steel industry, and shows how it fell from one of the largest organized employers in the nation to a small, unorganized industry. "Oh, we would still have a steel industry, and some of it would be new: small, low-wage 'mini-mills,' mostly non-union, mostly in the South" (Geoghegan 85). The steel industry never regained its heyday, and many other organized industries have followed suit.
Geoghegan comes across as jaded and tired in his tirade about the unions, and after reading this book, it is difficult not to see why. His career as a labor lawyer has shown him all sides of the unions, from their heydays to their rapid declines. He has defended union member pensions that were wiped out by crafty corporations like International Harvester, who sold a steel mill to a small operator who went bankrupt, and took the member's pensions with them. The union members finally got a settlement from Harvester that was a mere pittance to what their pensions would have been. It was a sad case for the unions, and points to the unions demise, they simply do not wield the power they once did."

Tags:Wagner, NLRB, Taft, Hartley, Enron

Abstract
This essay deals with Austin Clarke's "Canadian Experience", Choy Wayson's "Sek-Lung", and Tomson Highway's "Hello Merry" and how these stories deal with the hardships of immigrants in their new society. We see the theme of "fighting back" in the context of how the immigrants try to recapture and retain their own sense of dignity in the face of racism and exclusion.

Tags:doyle, canadian, experience