Abstract
This paper takes a look at the term Manifest Destiny, coined by John O'Sullivan in 1837 in his "The Great Nation of Futurity", which attempted to explain and justify American expansion and westward movement. The paper holds that Manifest Destiny was sown into the fabric of American history even before O'Sullivan came up with the term. It traces the idea back to similar views held by Samuel Danforth's election sermon of 1670, as well as to Andrew Jackson's Second Annual Message to Congress. The paper explains that men used a collection of rhetorical tools such as paternalism, veiled benevolence, analogous conditions, the God argument, metaphors and exceptionalism to appeal to white Anglo- Christians to push and fulfill America's Manifest Destiny. Lastly, the paper asserts that the meaning of the term has changed today. The paper concludes that the United States no longer uses Manifest Destiny to seek land, but rather to spread American influence around the world as an uninterrupted political authority.

From the Paper
"The Monroe Doctrine established the idea that the western hemisphere is hands off from European nations. The Monroe Doctrine and manifest destiny go hand to hand. The Monroe Doctrine came into being because of the threat to our security by Russian imperialist. It is believed that manifest destiny was to not only spread out to the West but also include modern day Canada, Mexico, Cuba and surrounding islands. The Monroe Doctrine sought to curb other nations, especially European powers desire to expand in the United States backyard. The purchase of Alaska was to stop Russian expansion in North America. Also, the United States wanted to provoke fear in Spain and France from expanding to Cuba and Latin America. The United States did not want any other country other than themselves to lay claim on this side of the globe. Beyond the Pacific Ocean shoreline with the U.S., manifest destiny set its eye on Hawaii. There was enormous "economic, political, and military power" of the United States that heavily influenced Hawaiian politics (Kagan 325). In 1893, the United States with the help of "light-skinned property owners" over threw the monarchy and Queen Liliuokalani (325-326)."

Tags:democracy, imperialism, native, Americans

Abstract
In order to boost an economy, revenue has to be brought in through various means such as tourism, sporting events and/or shows to include fisheries. Specifically, the economic backbone for Ecuador and Colombia is fishery and of course tourism. If there was a lack of conservation/protection towards fishery, tourism would not elevate and the economy would spiral downward. So, it is critical to expand efforts to natives in setting the stage for development, technical studies and management of dependant industries especially marine resources.

Tags:marine, turtles, mortality

Abstract
This paper explains that, even though there were no major naval wars during the Victorian era, the Navy was still involved in many social issues, such as navigational surveys and patrolling against the Atlantic slave trade. The author points out that the Navy's success was mainly due to the leadership of its admirals, lords, and officers who came from wealthy classes. The paper states that the British Navy was viewed as the pinnacle of society; nonetheless, there still was a myriad of problems in regards to the way the typical sailors were strictly disciplined and horribly treated.

From the Paper
"Treatment of the soldiers was brutal as well. A common practice of discipline given to many seamen prior to 1871, when it was abolished, was harsh beatings with a whip or rod, also known as flogging. Most seamen were flogged due to crimes that they committed on board the ship. Crimes that required disciplinary action were drunkenness, sleeping on their watch, fighting, and neglect. Oliver Warner states, "John Welsh, was four times punished within this brief space of time: 10 January with 12 lashes; 5 March with 36 lashes; 5 April with 48 lashes; and 24 May with 48 lashes" (103). Even though John Welsh was found guilty of theft and drunkenness, by today's standards the punishment seems way too severe for the crime and shows that the British Navy was not a place for illicit acts."

Tags:flogging, uniforms, diet, academy, surveys

Abstract
This paper provides data and information about South Africa's imports and exports. It explains that energy is key to South Africa's economy and coal is one of its most important exports. Although only one-third of coal produced in South Africa is exported, primarily to the European Union (EU) and also to East Asia, in fact, South Africa was the world's third largest net coal exporter in 2002. The paper also looks at how the country is involved in the international financial community and how it assists other African countries.

From the Paper
"Although the sister South Dunes Coal Terminal (SDCT) opened in 2000 to facilitate the participation of empowerment corporations in the coal export sector, RBCT exporters and the SDCT partners agreed in June 2001 to expand the RBCT facility as well. Because no brand new rail infrastructure is needed, RBCT's expansion is considered the most cost-effective method of increasing South Africa 's coal export capability to the world at large. In fact, RBCT's expansion will increase its South Africa's export capacity by 11 mmst. SDCT firms will be permitted to export up to 7.2 mmst per year from this newer terminal. In March 2002, SDCT firms secured $41 million of the proposed expansion's $52 million total estimated cost. The last $11 million is to be financed by RBCT shareholders. The first shipment of coal by an empowerment entrant was loaded at the RBCT in October 2003. The RBCT's fully planned expansion is expected to be completed in 2005."

Tags:coal, gold

From the Paper
"Myths and folk tales are the oral traditions that act as guides for the cultural, social, and religious life of the Native American community. Within Native American life, these factors are intertwined and cannot be easily separated into distinct categories. Native American religion as the backbone of culture also directs society, both individually and communally through the use and practice of sacred rituals, ceremonial dances, songs, prayers, and vision quests (Thomas et al., 1993). This belief system represents, as well as directs the Native American way of life. A life that is in tune with and at the same time, at odds with the surrounding natural environment. This dichotomy found in their relationship with the natural world is the motivator for these oral and ritual traditions, and through these myths and folk tales the , people are able to create and maintain a sense of religious, cultural, and social identity and purpose within the larger picture of existence in an ever-changing and mystifying universe (Leeming, 1990)."

Tags:anthropology, culture, mythology, ritual, symbolism

Abstract
This paper explores the history of Latina (mainly Puerto Rican) women in U.S. politics. It looks at the paths that have been paved for Latina women today. It explores the deep community roots these women have. The paper illustrates how the Puerto Rican women, portrayed in this paper, have risen through their struggles and have proven that Latina women, politically, are the backbone and strength of their communities and their people.

From the Paper
"Since before the Spanish-American War in 1898, there has been a significant presence of Puerto Rican politics in the urban areas of the United States, mainly in New York. Puerto Rican women have been especially influential in the political issues of their community, such as institutional issues like bilingual education, and issues surrounding the church, as well as issues closer to home, such as childcare. Other stronger political issues emerging were women and civil rights. Although most first generation Puerto Rican woman were not as active in mainstream politics as were the succeeding generations, they created the stepping stones for the generations to come by providing a sense of family, community, and familiarity. Throughout all of the obstacles that Puerto Rican women have faced all through the decades since the first migrations to the United States from the island, these Latina women have broken through their barriers and fought for what they believed in to get to where they are today. Throughout this essay it will be evident that these Puerto Rican women have risen through their struggles and have proven that Latina women, politically, are the backbone and strength of their communities and their people."

Tags:puerto, rican, feminism, community, government, nydia, velazquez, carmen

Abstract
The author states that in American society there is a backbone of religious intolerance; but, for the most part, the races have been forced to live and work together, thus racial inequality on the surface has been transcended. The author continues that in Equiano's "Interesting Narrative" the concepts of race and religion intertwine, and the violence in the text is often caused by differences in race and religion narrative. The paper concludes with the comparison of Equiano's concept of race and religion to that of the authors Cahan ( "The Rise of David Levinsky"), Forster ( "A Passage to India" ) , Roth ("Call it Sleep") and Sachs ("Black Hamlet").

From the Paper
"Equiano mentions his sadness at leaving his schoolteacher first, before his experiences with religion and God. Indeed, the Miss Guerins were recognized first for teaching him to read, and then for imparting the "knowledge of God." Equiano also recognizes his social acclimations " how to conduct himself " and above all, the valuable presents he receives. Indeed, even in the face of religion, Equiano remains entirely a secular narrative force. Religion can only rank as a backdrop or a background theme and the forefront is secular life experience."

Tags:baptism, secular, observations, christianity, slavery, Africans, abolition

Abstract
This paper examines stock price trends for FEDEX. The writer chose FEDEX because of what happened to them since the invention of e-commerce. As more and more businesses become dependent on their services as the backbone of their own businesses, FEDEX will continue to experience growth as well. This paper analyzes whether their stock price will continue to soar or drop back down to normal levels.

From the Paper
Forecasting is the process of predictions a future event. For businesses they are used to predict production, inventory needs, personnel requirements and facilities needs. Time-series problems involve sequences of numbers (for example, the daily closing values of the stock market, EEG patterns of brainwave activity, or, as discussed in this paper, the value of stocks over time. Often the problem of interest is the prediction of some future value(s) in the sequence using only past values.

Tags:price, trends, e-commerce, stock, price, Corporation, transportation, e-commerce, supply, chain, management, services

Abstract
This paper looks at lipids and other fats of the body. The author discusses their composition and functions.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Triglycerides
3. Tables and Pictures
4. Waxes
5. Steroids
6. Cholesterol
7. Phospholipids
8. Glycolipids
9. Sphingolipids
10. Consumption of Lipids
11. Storage of Lipids
12. Lipid Oxidation
13. Lipid Bilayer
14. Atherosclerosis
15. Gallstones
16. Artheriosclerosis
17. Coronary Heart Disease
18. Conclusion

From the paper:

"Lipids are hydrocarbons that are found in living systems in the environment. The main classes of lipids are triglycerides, waxes, steroids, phospholipids, gylcolipids, and sphingolipids (Glanze). The simplest lipid, which makes up the backbone of all of these, is the fatty acid (see page 2). The main characteristics that separate the different kinds of lipids are the derivatives, such as acids, alcohols, amines, amino alcohols, and aldehydes, found on the end of the hydrocarbons and their solubility in water. Most lipids are non polar and there for are not soluble in water but instead in fat solvents such as ether, chloroform, and benzene. From these two basic distinctions, there are dozens of possible lipids that can be formed in nature and synthetically (Cooper)."

Tags:anatomy, body, cholesterol, fats, human, lipids, obesity

Abstract
This paper examines the family's role as the backbone or core unit of every culture and society, as well as its development throughout history. It examines the roles of the mother and father in the family as well as the development of marriage as an institution.

From the Paper
"The modern form of family is the result of a long historical journey. This voyage began thousands of years ago. Many historians believe that the institution of family may not have been clearly defined in the beginning, but it was present all the time. The great historian Will Durant writes in his famous book 'Our Oriental Heritage', "In some African tribes, pregnancy was not attributed to sex, but to the entrance of a 'baloma', or ghost, into the body of a woman while she was bathing; 'a fish has bitten me,' the girl would report." When asked who was the physiological father of her child the question was not understood, the answer was the same; 'a baloma gave her that child?. (1)"

Tags:change, form, matriarchal, men, oppression, patriarchal, women, family, history, subjugation