Abstract
This paper explains that today, science is close to having the ability to selectively choose which babies will be born based on their genetic characteristics; therefore, now is the time to decide the ethicacy of this action. The author points out that the first applications of genetic manipulation will likely be medical; embryos will be manipulated to treat some genetic illness, such as Huntington's Chorea, or will be chosen selectively based on the absence of the Huntington's gene. The paper relates that, already in 2002, a hospital in Scotland was issued a license by the British government not to create "designer babies" but only to allow parents, by the use of abortion of defective fetuses, to avoid babies who are doomed to have some serious genetic disorder.

From the Paper
"The problem is that genetics is rarely that simple. Most of the time, genes only show a tendency, and experts cannot say whether the developing child will develop a specific illness or not. Even in identical twins, sometimes one develops a disease influenced by genetics, such as schizophrenia, while the other does not. Nevertheless, genetic researchers believe that eventually we will be able to screen embryos for combinations of genes that predispose people not only to life-threatening illnesses but for personality traits as well. However, people's personalities aren't as simple as a cluster of traits."

Tags:abortion, selective, medical, manipulation, license

Abstract
The paper shows why the issue of designer babies will become one of the most controversial issues in modern medicine. The paper explains the arguments in favor of designer babies that rest on utilitarian ethics, ethical relativism or nonmalfeasance and the arguments against this practice that also rely on a range of religious and ethical beliefs. The paper points out that the arguments that designer babies might benefit society rest on the assumption that eliminating disease would lead to an improved quality of life and that being able to control the physical or psychological features of a child would help families.

From the Paper
"The Abraham Center of Life, located in San Antonio, offers a variety of standard fertility services for hopeful parents: egg donation, frozen embryos, surrogacy, and even adoption. In addition to their standard fertility and family-planning options, Abraham Center also offers a highly controversial option to clients. At Abraham Center, couples can choose their donors' "physical traits and even personality," (Blogicus 2007)
"Choosing donor physical and psychological traits essentially means that hopeful parents can buy a baby of their choice, picking everything from hair and eye color to skin color, height, and race. The so-called designer babies that come from such deliberate selection could in the future be created in a laboratory, as scientists understand enough about the human genetic code to possibly alter embryonic DNA for parents who want their babies to look and possibly act a certain way."

Tags:embryos, genes, eugenics, utilitarianism, religion, quality, of, life

Abstract
The writer of this article maintains that the book, "How Babies Talk: The Magic and Mystery of Language in the First Three Years of Life", tries to be too much to too many people. The writer discusses that although it might have been a good book if one task had been attended to, the unfortunate fact of the matter is that it tries to inform both scholars and new parents. For that reason, the explanations that accompany some of the "experiments" are sometimes sloppy and imprecise.

From the Paper
"This book is geared toward parents with infants who are interested in tracking how their children learn language. A portion of this book is devoted to "experiments" that they can do with their children. These experiments impart valuable research information to parents and also allow them to familiarize themselves with the language development process and to assist their children in different ways to enhance language skills. The language of this book is accessible and pleasant. Humor also appears to be ..."

Tags:language, toddlers, infants

Abstract
In vitro fertilisation has been used for decades and allows parents and doctors to screen embryos for genetic disorders and select healthy embryos. This paper investigates and rebuts the argument against genetic engineering and builds a strong case supporting 'designer babies'.

From the Paper
"An even greater and more controversial development in medical science is the technology of stem cells developed from early pre implanted human embryo, and in the near future, the ability to manipulate DNA. The new technology of stem cells will revolutionize medicine. When someone has a heart attack cells are damaged but a dose of new cells made in the lab could cure the harm. It will be possible to cure numerous cell-based diseases like juvenile-onset diabetes and Parkinson's disease, and to make organ transplants unnecessary. An American woman recently had her sight restored using eye cells harvested from stem cells. In future procedures like this could enhance the quality of life of humankind."

Tags:cloning, fertilisation, genetics, vitro, in, dna, disease

Abstract
The paper gives a detailed report of the reference book, highlighting its strengths and the reasons why a parent of a premature baby would find it useful. The writer gives a table of contents from the book, outlining the subjects that are covered, and ends with a recommendation of the guide.

From the Paper
"Even a parent with no medical knowledge or experience should have an easy time of understanding what is happening to their baby both in terms of problems and possible treatments. There are also a large number of diagrams and drawings that help to clarify the anatomy and physiological processes being discussed. At the same time, there is no attempt to oversimplify what are often complicated and complex procedures and issues. The book is organized in a way that will make it useful for readers who are at every stage of dealing with their premature child's experience."

Tags:treatment, hospital, physiological, development, intensive, care

Abstract
This paper explains that, despite nationwide coverage of baby abandonment cases and resulting protective legislation, the extent of the problem still remains unknown. The paper also relates that, with the lack of quantitative data, there is only a presumption that the decision to abandon a child is the spontaneous result of a crisis or panic, which occurs after the birth of an unwanted or unexpected baby thus the passage in most states of safe haven legislation. The paper also looks at the rights of the father when his child has been abandoned by the mother.

From the Paper
"The flaws in properly reporting the collection of abandonment information based on the multiple definitions of baby abandonment, coupled with the lack of uniformity between states in the mandated collection of abandonment information pertaining to safe haven laws, as well as the inherent anonymity provided within the legislation inhibit the collection biological and demographic information. It is among the very absence of quantitative data as to who and why baby abandonment occurs, it becomes important to look at the complexities of the social condition in which baby abandonment is allowed to occur."

Tags:definitions, safe haven, father teenagers relinquishment

Abstract
The Canadian medical profession utilized science experts to try to implement what became known as "scientific motherhood." The effort to socially construct "scientific motherhood" was all about moulding Canadian families to be compatible with industrial capitalism. By teaching and regulating women's "child-rearing' expertise, male elites believed that they could engineer a society that served their interests. Thus, all of this was really about the enforcement of certain ideological values and the implementation of social control.

Abstract
A discussion about how more and more parents are starting to opt for embryo screening to ensure for their child's health. The essay lays out the benefits of pre-screening such as being able to determine the presence of various life threatening diseases, and then presents the opposing argument that designing a baby raises many moral, ethical, and social questions.

From the Paper
"Genetic scientists have already found the key that will give man the capacity to change the shape and destiny of human beings. Babies-to-order are no longer the futuristic fantasy of science fiction novels; the ability to design future members of the human race has already become a scientific reality. And as this technique advances, so will man's potential power to create, and to fundamentally change, chosen aspects of human genetic make-up. This fact has already been understood by genetic engineering, and is being increasingly applied, as more and more parents opt for embryo screening (Shannon Brownlee, Washington Post, Online Article, 2002).
"The choice of having embryo's screened to determine the presence of various life-threatening diseases, became UK law in 1990, with the introduction of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act. Then in April 1997, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe passed the European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (GMO: Genetic Engineering, Online Article, 2007).
"The resulting document, which was signed by 41 MP's from different countries, clearly states that genetic testing can only be performed in relation to health purposes, and that gender selection is forbidden, unless pertaining to a serious hereditary sex-related disease (Donald Bruce, Church of Scotland, Online Article, 2007)."

Tags:science embryo PGD HIV disease, babies-to-order, human genome project, genetic engineering

Abstract
In this paper the author examines the story of, ?The Water Babies?, by the English author, Kingsley and makes note of social conditions that existed in England at the time. The author examines some of the chapters closely and looks at Kingsley?s views on cleanliness and morals. The author makes note of the satirical comedy throughout and of Kingsley?s concerns about the treatment of children, and his desire for social reform.

From the paper:

"The novel, charmingly and vividly told, is a work of art that was brought about by Kingsley?s concerns about the treatment of children, and his desire for social reform. Kingsley, a parson in the Church of England, a novelist, a Christian Socialist, a Protestant controversialist, poet, and an amateur naturalist managed to work every one of his life?s fondest beliefs and endeavors into Water Babies."

Tags:tom, orphan, chimney, sweep, grimes, social, reform, conditions

Abstract
This article looks at the social control theory of social bonds. The writer studies the theory of social learning within the context of neglected babies. The writer examines how such a situation affects their behavior as teenagers and adults. In this paper, the writer also discusses sources of human behavior.

From the Paper
"What is the source of human behavior? Why is it that when babies become children and children become teenagers their behaviors can differ so greatly from one another? The theories regarding the source of teenager behavior and the scope of their activities however acceptable or deviant they may be, have been central to the disciplines of juvenile psychology, sociology and criminology for decades. When babies are born and deprived from love and contact from loving ... "

Tags:deviance, criminology, aggression, psychology, sociology, theory, Bandura, Hirschi, social bonds, social learning