Abstract The paper examines the Islamic ritual object Kaa?ba importance. It describes the origins of many religious rituals would be unknown and an important part of religious history would have been lost. The paper the depicts the actual object, its location and the yearly pilgrimage, the haj, during Ramadan.
From the Paper "With the recent conflicts in the Middle East, more and more attention has been focused on what it means to be a believer in Islam, a Muslim. Around the world, over a billion people practice Islam, yet the details of this fascinating and unique religion are all but unknown in the United States. Islam, unlike Catholicism and Judaism, does not have many obvious symbolic artifacts."
Tags:ba, islam, ka, religion, Muhammad, islamic, hajj, umra, black, stone, mecca, five, pillars, ramadan, abraham
Abstract This paper explains that Mariama Ba's "Un Chant 'Ecarlate" ("Scarlet Song") is about the failure of an interracial marriage between a young, poor man from Senegal and the daughter of a French diplomat, focusing on the difficulties of an interracial marriage, such as family opposition from both sides, the weaknesses of the husband and the culture shock of the wife. The author points out that Mariama Ba, born in 1929 in Senegal, was raised by her grandparents in a traditional Muslim household and, being a divorced mother of nine children, was no stranger to the trials and tribulations of marriage. The paper relates that this book makes no attempts at hiding the injustice of the Africans toward the white woman; like a Greek tragedy or a morality play, the lesson is for the people who hear and read the words of the author. Several long quotes.
From the Paper "The men in the novel are, surprisingly, more sympathetic then the women of the novel. Strangely enough, it is Ousmane''s father, the Koranic scholar, who is the family member most accepting of his white daughter in law, though this is of little comfort as he calls the marriage "a necessary evil," (pg 66). While this may not sound like a ringing endorsement, it is considerably better then being an active force in his daughter-in-law's downfall. Ali, a close friend of Ousmane and the husband of Rosalie reproaches Ousmane for his treatment of his white bride. "How can you, Ousmane, betray trust? I hardly know you in your new guise.......besides, what do you reproach your wife with? Her Colour? Her mentality? The same grievances that her father had against you? Ridiculous! You are the racist now." (pg 138)"
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that the novel 'La Bas' by Joris Huysmans possesses the theme of religion and how experience truly teaches the tenants of belief in a higher power. By exploring historical serial killers, such as Gilles de Rais, one can realize the foundation of satanic beliefs that Durtal finds interesting in his curiosity for human nature. The writer shows that by actively making a choice to avoid dogmatic Christian values, Gilles de Rais has the courage and bravery to explore new avenues of belief systems in the characterization provided by Huysmans in 'La Bas'.
From the Paper "In this literary study, the theme of religion is analyzed within the classic novel La Bas (Down There) by Joris Huysmans. By revealing the religious tenants of Satanism and the Roman Catholic Church, the main character, Durtal, must come to terms with his own belief systems. By utilizing the them of religion, one can realize the depth of exploration that Durtal undergoes in his religious ideological transformation. In essence, the theme of religion will be analyzed within the novel La Bas by Joris Huysmans. The symbolism of Christianity in relation to the satanic visions that Durtal has within this novel are a main religious apparatus for his self-realization. In many ways, he doubts the validity of Christ, especially since he finds a reverence in the deviant nature of historical figures."
Abstract This paper looks at Mariama Ba's "Scarlet Song" from the perspective of attitudes towards women in the Muslim religion. It focuses on inter-religious marriages and bigamy using the characters Ousmane and Mareille as examples.
From the Paper "When reading Mariama Ba's "Scarlet Song", one particular scene has caught my eye. It was an argument between two friends, Ousmane and Ali. Ousmane was involved in a serious relationship with the woman of an opposite race. While he was in a relationship with Marielle, he cheated on her with another woman. In an argument between those two friends Ousmane tried to make sense by saying that it as O.K. for him to stay with both women. Ali tired to stop him from cheating on his wife and forget about the other woman. In my paper I will be supporting Ali and his argument on why should Ousmane dump Oleymatu and stay only with Marielle. "
Tags: marriage, faithfulness, religion, love, Muslim, convert, family
Abstract This paper examines "So Long a Letter" by African novelist Mariami Ba and gives examples of the many characters torn by past and present. It uses marriage as an example and looks at how women living in a polygamist society come to terms with how families are impacted by multiple marriages.
From the Paper " In Mariama Ba's novel "So Long A Letter" the narrator describes two opposite worlds, one tumultuous, the other still. These two worlds are also symbolically linked to the past and the present understood as the radiations of the ..."
Abstract This writer seeks entrance into a BA in business administration. He has completed an associates degree and has, over the last 25 years, acquired a great deal of experience and skills in the retail business in such areas as communication, leadership, sales and marketing, human resources, finance and accounting. He is seeking entrance to Empire State College and discusses the merits of the college's distance learning program.
From the Paper "Over the past 25 years, I have acquired a great deal of experience and skills in the retail business in such areas as communication, leadership, sales and marketing, human resources, finance and accounting. The Associates Degree provided me with additional expertise that I can apply to my everyday responsibilities in addition to use in team projects and toward ultimate company goals and objectives."
Abstract This paper explains that, with a dominant position at London's Heathrow, Europe's busiest airport, BA enjoys a powerful franchise; but BA's cost-cutting, downsizing strategy has caused it to lose its leadership position in both the European and global markets. The author points out that the two segments of the market important to BA, transatlantic flights and business travel, have been particularly hit; compounding the problem is that British Airway's most important partner in the One World alliance of carriers, American Airlines, is in deep trouble. The paper states that BA's response to competition from Ryanair has been poor because, despite projections that the low-cost carriers were expected to grow by thirty percent a year, BA sold its no-frills carrier, Go, in 2001 and put its marketing budget behind winning premium class passengers.
Table of Contents
Changes in the Business Environment
The Operations of BA, Air France and Ryanair
BA Marketing strategies (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning)
Marketing Mix Comparison: BA, Air France and Ryanair
Change in Critical Success Factors for BA BA's Response to Ryanair
From the Paper "With triple the costs of Ryanair, BA had relied on premium business travelers and transatlantic flights to absorb its expensive operations. And, it had not encountered meaningful competition from no-frills airlines. Therefore, the real critical factors for BA's success were first-rate service and ample capacity across a large portfolio of destinations. As the market turned south because of a variety of issues such as economic recession, disease and terrorism, BA was ill prepared to readily streamline its operations and change its marketing strategy."
A look at the business environment within which British Airways (BA) operates and how this environment has changed over the last 5 years using PEST analysis.
Abstract This paper examines how, today, airlines have formed global alliances that also allow them benefit from each other's resources, such as additional routes and marketing strategies, as well as code-sharing agreements without incurring the high costs of expansion. It examines the advantages of this by analyzing the alliances, business strategy, and environment of British Airways in relation to other companies such as Ryan Air and Air France.
Outline
The Operations of BA, Air France and Ryanair
BA Marketing Strategies (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning)
Marketing Mix Comparison, BA, Air France and Ryanair
Critical Success Factors for BA and How These Have Changed Over the Last Five Years
BA's Response to Ryanair
From the Paper "With a dominant position at London's Heathrow, Europe's busiest airport, BA enjoys a powerful franchise. But, BA's cost-cutting, downsizing strategy has caused it to lose its leadership position in both the European and global markets. Many believe it may become a take over target when an expected easing of the regulatory environment makes a radical consolidation of the European industry easier. Air France and Lufthansa are now outperforming BA in what could be a long-term battle to be one of Europe's two or three surviving major airlines. Under former CEO Ayling, it did little to draw customers and seemed not to bother promoting economy-class business--as if its position at Heathrow left passengers with few alternatives. BA has suffered particularly from competition on its U.S. routes, where it makes most of its money."
Tags: heathrow, air, france, ryanair, europe, franchise
Abstract The paper examines the novel, "The Scarlet Song", by Mariama Ba, with a focus on the main character, Ousmane Gueye. It looks at how, throughout the novel, Mariama Ba employs adages and aphorisms to characterize certain traits of the characters, including the novel's central persona, Ousmane, and how these adages discriminate between Ousmane's sundry and dynamic personalities. It also analyzes how Mariama Ba employs adages relating to ingrained and habitual actions in order to characterize Ousmane's congenital personality traits and looks at how this defines Ousmane's intrinsic nature as a cultural norm for the Senegalese.
From the Paper "Ousmane defines a cultural standard in Scarlet Song when he plays a host to the various guests who he entertains. Ousmane's aphorism, "In my country children don"t teach their parents how to behave?(Ba 85), defines a rudimentary rule one follows in entertaining guests. Ousmane tells Mireille that his culture forbids him from correcting his parents poor behavior such as Yaye Khady's disgusting treatment of Mireille's carpet or Yaye Khady's use of toothpicks. Senegalese culture deters discourse to reprimand such behavior. However, this lenient and relaxed demeanor also applies to other guests in Senegal. Mireille often voices complaints relating to the ill-manners of Ousmane's many guests. Ousmane's friends invite themselves over for dinner and expect Mireille to constantly clean and cook for them. Many of the friends treat Mireille as property of Ousmane's and complain about Mireille's cooking."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the two masterpieces, "Scarlet Song," written by Mariama Ba in 1981 and "Candide," written by Voltaire in 1759. The paper shows that both the literary pieces are true classics in that they uncover the brutalities, inequalities, inefficiency and injustices of the human society. However, the two authors have taken unique approaches to expressing their views of their surroundings, while employing distinct literary devices and qualities.
Outline
I. Ba's Scarlet Song
II. Reinforcement of Scarlet Song's Theme through Characterization
III. Voltaire's Candide
IV. Reinforcement of Candide's Theme through Characterization
V. Conclusion
From the Paper "Both the novels highlight the hypocritical standards of the human society and the fallacious thinking that evidently thrives in the social circle of men. Moreover, the meek and illogical acceptance of human standards and social values and the die-hard belief in fate, while overlooking one's own shortcoming, is also a common thematic element in both the novels under consideration. The inequality and social injustices that exist at all levels of the society are also highlighted by both masterpieces Scarlet Song and Candide."
Tags: Ousmane, Gueye, Mireille, De, La, Valle, Leibniz
Abstract This paper takes a look at Mariama Ba's book, "The Scarlet Song". According to the paper, Ba employs adages and aphorisms to represent many characteristics of the novel. The paper also discusses the cultural differences between the two characters, Ousmane and Mireille.
From the Paper "One example of a Senegalese custom is the claim one has upon a friend or family member's wealth. Throughout Scarlet Song Ousmane remains a perfect example of the saying, "The mouth that chews is always grateful to the hand that provides"(Ba 96). Ousmane receives many demands upon his means throughout the novel. For example, Ouleymatou solicits Ousmane during a visit at his work for bus fare home. Ouleymatou's reasons that since Ousmane is her brother's hut brother she deserves a claim upon his 'sweat'. Ousmane furnishes Ouyelmatou three thousand francs for her bus fare home. Another instance of Ousmane's customary expenditure relates to the guests at his house. Every guest who visits the Gueye residence receives a financial gifts upon their departure. "
Abstract This paper presents a critical analysis Mariama Ba's "So Long a Letter" and how it depicts the effects of Islam on women.
From the Paper " Life is a constant battle for many; marriage, children, religion, illness, and death are everyday hassles for most individuals. However, women often find these challenges to be particularly difficult due to the continuing oppression from society as a whole. The oppression of women occurs through a variety of channels, including religious faith. Mariama Ba's "So Long a Letter" details an African woman's struggle to regain her life following a heartbreaking sequence of events, primarily related to the effects of her religious faith."
Tags: polygamy, religion, oppression, women, rights, marriage
Abstract This paper analyzes the book "So Long a Letter" by Mariama Ba. It presents a brief summary of the story and then discusses how the style used by the author hinders her presentation of the question of male/female relationships within the family structure.
From the Paper "Mariama Ba in her novel, ?So Long A Letter,? gives the audience a glimpse into the Islamic world. The book is written as a letter from the main character, Ramatoulaye, to her childhood friend, Aissatou. It is both a missive and lamentation of Ramatoulaye's life, more than half a century of years. She has reached a cross-road, and as one might retrace his route on a map if lost, she retraces her feelings and experiences that have brought her this far on her journey (Ba 1996). Her husband of twenty-odd years has died. However, it has only been a short time since he sent word to her that he had taken a new wife, a mere girl, a friend of their daughter?s. Ramatoulaye's indignation of the marriage turns to sympathy for the young widow. Through the journal, the audience learns of her feelings and experiences as a single mother coping with first abandonment and then widowhood (Johnson 1999)."
Tags: abandonment, widowhood, family, diary, journal, culture, values, identity, communication
Abstract This paper introduces and discusses the books, "So Long a Letter" by Mariama Ba, "Devil on the Cross" by Ng?g? wa Thiongo and "July's People" by Nadine Gordimer. Specifically, the author discusses and explains gender and family in "So Long a Letter," the aspects of Colonialism and Imperialism in "Devil on the Cross," and cultural freedom and integrity in "July's People."
From the Paper "In "So Long a Letter," Mariama Ba writes of Ramatoulaye, a Senegalese schoolteacher in her 50s, whose husband decides to take a second wife without Ramatoulaye's knowledge. Of course, the new wife is younger and prettier than Ramatoulaye, and her husband's selfish move devastates her. The book is written in the form of a touching and emotional letter to her best friend from childhood, someone she feels she can trust. "We walked the same paths from adolescence to maturity, where the past begets the present" (Ba 1). "
This paper discusses the evolution of the Ba'ath Party in Iraq and Syria: Historical and sociopolitical contexts, origins, goals, economics, leadership, nationalism, ideology, development, reform and pan-Arabism.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 12 sources, 1994, $ 135.95
From the Paper "This paper will discuss the evolution of the Ba'ath Party in Iraq and Syria, concentrating upon the different methods used by the party leaders in each country to consolidate power. The first part of the paper will briefly discuss the history of the Ba'ath Socialist Party prior to the events which brought each to power in Iraq and Syria. The second part of the paper will examine the philosophical underpinnings of the Party and their relationship to the Ba'ath governments in Iraq and Syria. The third part of the paper will compare the histories of the Ba'ath parties after they came to power in the two countries and the characteristics of the leaders who presently rule the two countries, Saddam Husein and Hafiz al-Asad.
The Ba'ath Socialist Party had its roots in the Arab nationalis ... "
