Abstract
This paper covers the major pathways by which foreign antigens are identified and dealt with through the adaptive immune response which is paramount on B-cell and T-cell responses and interaction with one another in distinct pathways and steps. It includes several diagrams and their explanations of antigens, B-Cells, T-Cells, APC's and more and their interactions and processes they go through.

From the Paper
"All immune responses involving T-cell B-cell collaborations follow distinct pathways of interactions and development. These very pathways of the adaptive immune response are almost entirely dependant on the cellular interaction of B- cells and T- cells with one another. It is within each stage of these pathways and the progression of an adaptive immune response that we will concern ourselves. The following is a condensed synopsis of the adaptive immune response and the cellular interactions that will be the emphasis of this paper. Within secondary lymph tissues foreign antigen is presented to naive B-cells via their surface immunoglobulins (Igs) receptors. The same antigen is also presented to naive T-cells at this time. This presentation and subsequent recognition of antigen by both types of cells results in and end product of proliferation and development of naive B-cells into plasma cells whose function is the production of soluble immunoglobulins (antibodies), and the differentiation and development of memory B-cells whose function is to respond to subsequent exposure to the same antigen. However, this pathway is not self-sufficient and requires the direct interaction of activated T-cells, specifically "helper" T-cells (Th2 cells) 1,9. It is these T-cells in conjunction with the antigen presenting B-cells that interact to produce a hormonal response to infection. These interactions activate Th2 cells that in turn promote B-cell activation both through T-cell secreted cytokines, (interlukeinI1-2, 4 and 5), and also through direct cell to cell contacts involving specific surface proteins and corresponding receptors and the signaling initiated by the binding of these proteins to one another."

Tags:B-Cell, T-Cell, immune, system, responses, pathways, antibody, pathogens, vertebrate

Abstract
This paper discusses the influence of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois on the American civil rights movement. The author argues that their outlooks are still alive today in debates concerning issues such as racial and class injustice and the role of leadership in the African- American community. The paper gives a brief biography of each man and his respective philosophical outlook. The author highlights where Washington and Du Bois' philosophies diverged, and their ultimate impact on racial equality in America.

From the Paper
"The dispute between Washington and Du Bois polarized the leaders into two distinct sides, Washington's conservative supporters and Du Bois' radical philosophy (Two). Du Bois' strategy of agitation and protest led directly into the Civil Rights movement of the 1950's and 1960's. Washington's philosophy is often associated with conservative African Americans such as Justice Clarence Thomas and the Nation of Islam (Two). "

Tags:Booker, T., Washington, W.E.B., Du, Bois, slavery, civil, rights, African, Americans

Abstract
This paper is a biography on W.E.B. Du Bois. It deals with the Du Bois' importance and significance to American History. In this article, the writer focuses on Du Bois' public life. The writer also discusses Du Bois' idealogy and his ideas regarding civil rights.

From the Paper
"According to David Levering Lewis in his book 'W.E.B. Du Bois The Fight for Equality and the American Century', William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born in Massachusetts. Du Bois was graduated from Fisk University and Harvard University and studied two years at the University of Berlin. He was the first black American to receive the degree of doctor of philosophy from Harvard. Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement, a group of African-American leaders committed to an.. "

Tags:Biography, W.E.B Du Bois, racial activist, Crisis, Niagara Movement, founder NAACP, socialist, segregation, Booker T. Washington, Pan African movement, exile

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the period immediately following emancipation in the US. and philosophies that developed at this time. In particular, it considers the outlooks of W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington, who emerged as African-American leaders at this time. The paper further explores how both men sought to ensure that Black Americans were recognized as citizens in the nation and that this societal group was given every opportunity in their new found freedom.

From the Paper
" Following the end of slavery in the United States it was apparent that Blacks in the nation had to begin to find a new course for their lives. For the first time African Americans were attending colleges and becoming educated in vast numbers, leading to the emergence of Black leaders. Two such leaders were Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Both men sought to ensure that Black Americans were recognized as citizens in the nation and that this societal group was given every opportunity in their new found freedom. However, it was the exposition speech of Washington that eventually led DuBois to criticize Washington's position on the issue..."

Tags:dubois, washington, rights

Abstract
This paper explains that Booker T. Washington's body of work, study, and his life, as encompassed in his autobiography, "Up from Slavery", is often set against the life of W.E.B. Du Bois. The author points out that Booker T. Washington, advocating a conservative point of view regarding the place of African-Americans in American society, was in contrast to Du Bois's advocacy of immediate political, as well as economic, equality for the races in America. The paper stresses that by over-focusing on economics, as opposed to integrated education and justice and intellectual advancement, Washington is said to have sold himself short, as well as his people.

From the Paper
"However, Washington was a far more complex individual than this initial gloss might allow. Louis Harlan's introduction to Washington's life is particular important not simply because Harlan offers a comprehensive reading of an important figure in American history and African American history. Harlan is the author of a biography of Washington, and his reading of Washington's life is important for the redemptive reading he offers of a figure so frequently misread by history and even by African Americans today, intent upon finding a scapegoat for the lack of advancement for individuals within the community during the first half of the 20th century. Rather than judging Washington by contemporary standards, Harlan suggests, one must view Washington as he was in life, and judge him upon his own, rather than contemporary terms."

Tags:autobiography, dubois, conservative, political, economic

Abstract
This paper explains that, during a time when many African-Americans believed that only book education would grant them equality, Booker T. Washington, who led the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, startled the country by implying that his race would only achieve equality through a fusion of physical labor, personal hygiene and book education. The author points out that many of the students, who once were slaves, entered the Tuskegee Institute unaware that they should bathe everyday or even how to bathe. The paper relates that, although Washington was criticized by many, especially W.E.B. Du Bois, for not demanding total black equality and freedom, Washington chose to build character, self-esteem and self-reliance in every student, enabling them to become whole, spiritually and scholastically.

From the Paper
"Shortly after Tuskegee was opened, Washington purchased a field, enabling the students to obtain skills in agriculture and produce their own food. Washington spoke of a certain student who had grown sixty-six bushels of sweet potatoes from one acre of land, where the average bushel was only forty-nine. The student was able to accomplish this because he had acquired the knowledge of both the chemistry of the soil and of advanced methods of agriculture. Many of the white farmers had approached this student inquiring about the raising of sweet potatoes, respecting him because he had contributed to the growth and wealth of the community. Washington explained, " my theory of education for the Negro would not, for example, confine him for all time to farm life...but that if he succeeded in this line of industry, he could lay the foundations upon which his children and grandchildren could grow to higher and more important things in life.""

Tags:tuskegee, equality, hygiene, labor, critics

Abstract
This paper explains that Booker T. Washington, living in the South that still had not come to term with race equality, realized that he needed the support of the white majority to provide education and support for black causes. The author points out that, on the other hand, W. E. B. du Bois, living in the liberal North, wanted to see an America with social equality where individuals would be rewarded according to their merits not their color. The paper states that, in recent terminology, Washington's philosophy can be said to advocate apartheid; whereas, du Bois was the predecessor of the philosophy of Martin Luther King.

From the Paper
"When Washington complained of inequality he presented its effect not upon the black Americans but upon whites. If white southerners saw no reason for higher education for black Americans, Washington agreed. If southerners opposed voting for blacks, Washington went along and opposed it 'for present'. His views would certainly be
considered 'pathetic' by today's black Americans. Even in his own time, black activist Henry Turner declared "will have to live a long time to undo the harm he has done our race.""

Tags:institutions, improvement, king, apartheid, practical

Abstract
The general thesis of this paper is that Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois had similar goals of raising the status of African-Americans during the period of Reconstruction after the Civil War. Although their goals were similar, their differing methods resulted in wide variety of results. The author includes numerous examples.

From the Paper
"During the decades of Reconstruction following the Civil War, African Americans struggled to be assimilated into the new American society. To do this African Americans required social and economic equality. Two great Negro leaders that emerged for this cause were Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. With these two strong-headed men, another problem arose. They both sharply disagreed upon the strategies needed to gain these equalities. Washington preferred a gradual, submissive, and economically based plan. On the other hand, Du Bois relied upon a more agitating and politically aggressive plan. Although both men worked towards a similar goal for the common good of African Americans, the philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois both helped and hindered their cause."

Tags:education, race

Abstract
This paper examines how, first published in 1903, W.E.B. Du Bois's groundbreaking book, "The Souls of Black Folk", is a compendium of wisdom on the subject of race in America. It looks at how, with deft prose and insightful sociological and spiritual wisdom, Du Bois criticizes the failure of American democracy in delivering true equality to blacks. In particular, it shows how his bold assessment of the mainstream, white-supported views of Booker T. Washington in Chapter Three has challenged the very core of black identity and forced a more thorough, holistic, and realistic vision of race relations in America.

From the Paper
"The Souls of Black Folk is designed to steer African-Americans toward a healthy self-consciousness and self-conception. It is also written to illustrate the myth of emancipation, which might have ended the southern plantation aristocracy but did nothing to end the underlying beliefs in the inferiority of blacks. Furthermore, since slavery was officially abolished, blacks continue to dwell in poverty in a land of plenty; they continue to be violently and subtly persecuted wherever they walk; they suffer from inequality in almost every arena of American life."

Tags:democracy, booker, t, washington, racism

Abstract
This paper examines W.E.B Dubois public critique of Booker T. Washington's philosophical thought. Dubois examines Washington's philosophy in his renown book of essays "The Souls of Black Folk". Three major issues are objectively scrutinized within the essay labeled "Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others". They include African American issues concerning: political power, civil rights, and high education.

From the Paper
Essentially, three elements were objectively critiqued by Dubois towards Washington. This process was simply an introduction of dispute between two African American philosophers with two dissimilar agenda's for the success and advancement of the African American people. While reading the book titled "W.E.B. DuBois The Souls of Black Folk" Dubois offers the reader an overall explanation for his argument towards Washington's ideology: "In the history of nearly all other races and peoples the doctrine preached at such crises has been that manly self-respect is worth more than lands and houses, and that a people who voluntarily surrender such respect, or cease striving for it, are not worth civilizing. "In answer to this, it has been claimed that the Negro can survive only through submission. Mr. Washington distinctly asks that black people give up, at least for the present, three things. First political power. Second, insistence on civil rights. Third, higher education of Negro youth and concentrate all their energies on industrial education, the accumulation of wealth, and the conciliation of the south."

Tags:south, african, american, negro, racism, cicil, war, rights, politics