Abstract This paper compares and contrasts two news programs on B.B.C. (British Broadcasting Corporation) radio: "PM" on Radio 4 and "Newsbeat" on Radio 1. The writer studies the concept of multichannel broadcasting. The writer also discusses how the B.B.C. news is packaged to suit various listeners.
From the Paper "The British Broadcasting Corporation (B.B.C.) is the United Kingdom's multi-channel broadcaster airing programs over television, radio and the Internet. As a publicly-funded broadcaster, the B.B.C. is what the United Kingdom listens to B.B.C. Radio has five major national stations, each with its own broadcast style. .."
Abstract This paper reviews the life and history of Mark Antony, born Marcus Antonius. The paper discusses how, thanks to the works of famous writers like Plutarch and Shakespeare, Mark Antony has become a legend. The paper further discusses how his actions following Julius Caesar's death in 44 B.C. and his exploits with Queen Cleopatra have made him interesting reading and a source of entertainment for centuries. However, behind the many stories, there was a man who was a brave general, loyal supporter, dedicated Roman and ardent lover.
From the Paper "While Caesar was fighting in Egypt and Africa to defeat the last of Pompey's forces, Antonius was given the distinction of being made Master of the Horse (fact). His role was to be a politician and administrator in Italy while Caesar was out of the country. Unfortunately for him, Antonius was not good in that role and was removed in 47 B.C. and even banished from Caesar's sight for two years (unrv). Nevertheless, Antonius was able to work his way back into Caesar's circle; in 44 B.C. he was the one to offer the crown to Caesar, a circumstance much celebrated in the first act of Shakespeare's play, Julius Caesar (unrv)."
Abstract This paper discusses the Peloponnesian War from 431 B.C. to 404 B.C. between Sparta and Athens and their allies. The paper discusses the history behind the conflict and its development. It briefly examines the truce when Sparta and Athens signed a fifty year peace called the Peace of Nicias. The paper then looks briefly at how the peace was not a lasting one.
From the Paper "Despite presenting the root cause of the war from a power and politics point of view, the fight between the Spartans and the Athenians also have their basis from an economic aspect. Athens at the time was not only growing in military and political might but its war chest or treasury was hefty. This was the result not only from its internal sources of wealth but from the tributes paid by the different cities and states under its rule. The power and might of Athens made it not only a formidable foe but also a sort of a bully when it comes to the conquered lands. As such, there were several detailed incidents that made Athens the strong culprit that caused not only the Peloponnesian War but previous wars as well."
Abstract This paper examines the views of Mencius and Xunzi, Chinese philosophers from c. 300 B.C., who belonged to the school of thought of Confucius (551-479 BC). It compares their differing approaches to human nature and relates that while Mencius saw the individual as fundamentally good, Xunzi's viewed human nature as bad and in need of care and correction. The paper addresses the influence of these two extremely influential philosophers, whose contrasting approaches continue to be seen today in Chinese civilization. The paper concludes that their thoughts on human nature are timeless and, thus, they will continue to be reviewed and discussed for many years to come.
Outline:
Introduction
Human Nature as Corruptible
Man as Weak and Bad
Implications over Time
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "Mencius spent years moving from court to court and we presume that he had many chances to see how feudal rulers chose to lead. He was a sought after advisor to different rulers towards much thinking on what worked and what did not to restore order, for example, or prevent future troubles. He seems to have come up with something like the Social Contract that shaped Western thinking in the modern era in a model of a decent kind of leadership and attention to the needs of life and protecting citizens to which individuals could adhere. If a decent environment was not provided, then the people should be expected to overthrow those in power towards new leadership. In the view of Mencius, a ruler must show jen in humaneness, humanity and benevolence, as a very old Chinese concept indeed. (Chan Jen) There should also be the yi of righteousness and a sense of duty, if a ruler wanted to see righteousness, cooperation and industriousness amongst his subjects."
Abstract Examines subjects, cultural and historical contexts, artistic and religious significance of reliefs, rock art and temples, in the years 3500-1300 B.C
From the Paper "Artistic expression in any given age always develops from works, styles, and themes produced in earlier eras. The further back into history we go, the more difficult it may be to ascertain the source of a given culture and the art it produces. The wonders of Egypt have long fascinated archaeologists, historians, and art experts. This art did not develop out of whole cloth but instead had antecedents which can be discerned elsewhere on the continent of Africa, specifically the rock art of Africa which can be seen as a precursor of the Egyptian civilization that would develop to the north.
The earliest settlers in the Nile Valley reached the area some time around 4000 B.C., emerging from the neolithic culture of the Tasian villages of Upper Egypt and those of Merimdeh on the western edge of the Delta and on the shore of the lake in the ..."
Abstract "The Shield of Achilles" reveals much about Greek life in the eighth century B.C. and about the degree of social development reached to that time. The story of the shield suggests a society not only where metal is worked but also where there are an urban culture and a rural culture interconnected in the economy.
From the Paper " "The Shield of Achilles" reveals much about Greek life in the eighth century B.C. and about the degree of social development reached to that time. The story of the shield suggests a society not only where metal is worked but also where there are an urban culture and a rural culture interconnected in the economy, where art is valued as a means of expression, and which is protected by a military structure and a warrior culture.
First, this is a society that has achieved a higher level of organization. Certainly, it is a society that has reached the Bronze Age. Civilization developed following a pattern based on the ability of the human population to learn to use different tools at different stages, different materials from which those tools were made, and different modes of food..."
Abstract The Panathenaic Prize Amphora (accession no. 50.193) on display in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts is dated to around 375-70 B.C. and stands 33 inches high. It is attributed to the Asteios group and is an example of the ceramic black-figure ware that was a principal industry of Athens.
From the Paper "The Panathenaic Prize Amphora (accession no. 50.193) on display in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts is dated to around 375-70 B.C. and stands 33 inches high. It is attributed to the Asteios group and is an example of the ceramic black-figure ware that was a principal industry of Athens. The amphora represents the goddess Athena on one side and four male runners on the other. The presence of the runners "indicat[es] that the prize was for the winner of a foot race" and the amphora features an inscription that specifically identifies it as a prize "From the games in Athens" ("Panathenaic").
The condition of the amphora appears to be very good. There are cracks on the side featuring the runners and abrasions on all the figures. The left thigh, and the groin and buttocks of one of the runner is orange-red rather than black. It appears that..."
Abstract The Panathenaic Prize Amphora, on display in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts, is dated to around 375-70 B.C. and stands 33 inches high. It is attributed to the Asteios group and is an example of the ceramic black-figure ware that was a principal industry of Athens. This paper discusses the amphora and shows why its design and features are so typical of Athenian ceramic-ware production.
From the Paper "Various centers competed in the production and export of ceramic wares, but by the middle of the sixth century Athens had eliminated its principal rivals "and the many other wares that had flourished during the seventh and early sixth century had gradually disappeared, continuing only as local products" (Richter 315). Athens' dominance in the Mediterranean ceramics market extended from 550 to 400 B.C. and the Detroit example comes at the end of the city's reign. Black-figure technique also dominated production in the sixth century but was gradually overtaken in popularity by red-figure ware in the fifth century."
Abstract This paper examines how, following the aftermath of Greeks? victory over Persians during 480-479 B.C., Greek society underwent rapid changes and revival in its political, economic, and cultural structures, called the Classical Period of Greek society and culture. Using texts from Thucydides, Euripides, and Plutarch, it provides an look at the important cultural and social changes that occurred in Greece during the Classical Period.
From the Paper "Indeed, the Classical period is more appropriately described as a time wherein human potential and intelligence is at its highest. As Plato had stated, ?Human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion, knowledge.? This statement from the Greek philosopher brings into lucidity the important works of literature that had helped change the course of Greek history. In desire, Greeks have shown their need to become independent from colonizers and establish their own form of government. Through emotions, Greeks were able to discuss and express everyday life according to prevalent social issues. Lastly, knowledge served as the guiding principle in which Greeks have enriched their society and culture through intellectual development."
Abstract The paper details the Persian invasion of Greece in the fifth century B.C. It explains that many Greek cities had already been invaded, but at the battle of Marathon, the Athenians fought the Persians and obtained a victory, even though they were severely outnumbered. The paper explains that ten years later, Xerxes decided to avenge the defeat at Marathon and wanted to establish Persian control over the Mediterranean area. The writer details the battle that ensued and explains how the Greeks won the battle against all odds. The writer explains why it was relatively easy for the Persians to conquer many Greek cities in the earlier invasion. It explains that in part, this was because in each of the cities that was conquered, there were influential people living there who were supporters of Persia. In conclusion, the writer posits that had Greece not had a victory against the Persians, the history of the Greek world, and maybe the whole of Europe would have been very different.
From the Paper "Ten years later, the preparations made by Darius' son, Xerxes, to avenge the defeat at Marathon and establish the Persian control over the Mediterranean are complete. Preceded by awe inspiring preparations, like the construction of a bridge of boats over the Hellespont and the cutting of a channel over the isthmus at Mount Athos, the Persian Army again invades Greece, marching through Thrace, Thessaly and Locris. The Greek historian Herodotus states that the total number of Xerxes' land and naval forces was about 2,640,000 warriors. He said that when they were marching, they drank many a river dry. Modern historians agree that the actual numbers were actually probably between 200,000 and 300,000 warriors, and more than 1,000 ships. Herodotus describes in Book VII of his Histories the composition of Xerxes' army (chapters LXI - XCIX), which was highly heterogeneous, being composed from nations all over Asia as far as India and also some European nations."
Abstract This paper discusses the Bhagavad-Gita's philosophy of reconciliation of divinity with earthly responsibility. It discusses how the Bhagavad-Gita, the first-century B.C. Hindu Sanskrit poem describes salvation in the afterlife as described by Krishna (God) to the Pandava warrior Arjuna on the eve of an important battle. The paper describes the lessons learned from the poem.
From the Paper "Arjuna's fighting in this battle then, which he wishes, rationally, not to do but which Krishna illustrates that he must, is but a part of the multiple cycles of life and death that the warrior prince has yet to complete on the way, ultimately, to his final state of nirvana. While Krishna does not deny to Arjuna the importance of earthly rationality, Krishna nevertheless shows Arjuna how Arjuna's current resistance to fighting on this battlefield, based on earthly attachment, must be overcome in order to eventually reach nirvana, the ultimate spiritual state of mind within which all further reincarnations cease."
A descriptive overview of the vertebrate adaptive immune response to both intra and extra-cellular pathogens with explicit focus on T-cell B-cell collaboration and antibody response.
Abstract This paper covers the major pathways by which foreign antigens are identified and dealt with through the adaptive immune response which is paramount on B-cell and T-cell responses and interaction with one another in distinct pathways and steps. It includes several diagrams and their explanations of antigens, B-Cells, T-Cells, APC's and more and their interactions and processes they go through.
From the Paper "All immune responses involving T-cell B-cell collaborations follow distinct pathways of interactions and development. These very pathways of the adaptive immune response are almost entirely dependant on the cellular interaction of B- cells and T- cells with one another. It is within each stage of these pathways and the progression of an adaptive immune response that we will concern ourselves. The following is a condensed synopsis of the adaptive immune response and the cellular interactions that will be the emphasis of this paper. Within secondary lymph tissues foreign antigen is presented to naive B-cells via their surface immunoglobulins (Igs) receptors. The same antigen is also presented to naive T-cells at this time. This presentation and subsequent recognition of antigen by both types of cells results in and end product of proliferation and development of naive B-cells into plasma cells whose function is the production of soluble immunoglobulins (antibodies), and the differentiation and development of memory B-cells whose function is to respond to subsequent exposure to the same antigen. However, this pathway is not self-sufficient and requires the direct interaction of activated T-cells, specifically "helper" T-cells (Th2 cells) 1,9. It is these T-cells in conjunction with the antigen presenting B-cells that interact to produce a hormonal response to infection. These interactions activate Th2 cells that in turn promote B-cell activation both through T-cell secreted cytokines, (interlukeinI1-2, 4 and 5), and also through direct cell to cell contacts involving specific surface proteins and corresponding receptors and the signaling initiated by the binding of these proteins to one another."
Abstract This paper presents a history of B.F. Skinner's theory of behaviorism. The paper then contrasts Skinner's theory with Freud's theory and combines it with the interpersonal model to explain adolescent development.
From the Paper "The following research paper presents B.F. Skinner and the history of his behavior theory. Skinner's theory is contrasted with Freud's theory and combined with the interpersonal model to explain the development of adolescents and personality Skinner's theory is then applied to the mental health nursing field. Findings are applied to a black male child."
