From the Paper
"Zidovudine (AZT) has become the drug of choice for many AIDS victims and medical practitioners in efforts to combat the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are both conflicting opinions among medical practitioners and conflicting research evidence, however, concerning the efficacy and the role of AZT in the fight against AIDS [9:116]. Some research finds deficiencies in the actions of AZT, while other research finds that AZT is not as effective as are some other agents in fighting HIV, and still other research confirms the effectiveness of AZT [11:1183].

In vivo efficacy of anti-HIV compounds is affected by various factors such as bioavailability, metabolism, clearance, and toxicity...."

Abstract
In support of the use of placebo-controlled clinical trials studies for the benefits of AZT (Azidothymidine) for HIV will be used as an example. AZT is a common drug that has benefited from placebo-controlled clinical trials. AZT has been confirmed to prolong the lives of HIV/AODS infected patients by placebo-controlled clinical trials. HIV is a serious medical condition which depends on active treatment for remission. Being without active treatment during enrolment in a placebo-controlled clinical trial puts the patient at risk. As long as strict adherence is maintained in following the Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles the decision of the patient to enter into the trial is not up for ethical debate. The patient has a right to make choices regarding their treatment (Sugarman, 2004, p. 29-35; Lin, et al., 2002, p. 739-741).

From the Paper
Running Head: ETHICAL PLACEBO CONTROL TRIALS A'A Ethics can be Upheld in Placebo Control Trails Placebo Control Trial YOUR NAME YOUR UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT Over the past decade or so researchers have argued that placebo controlled trials are unethical. These types of trials are deemed unethical when there is a known effective therapy available to the patient for the

Tags:placebo, controlled, trial

From the Paper
"Over the past decade, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) has become one of the most pressing public health problems in the world. More than one million Americans are infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) (Watson 715). Nine years ago Margaret Heckler, then the Secretary of Health and Human Services in the U.S. administration, was talking eagerly of a vaccine against HIV (Maddox 13). Today, the enthusiasm she exuded is not often heard. There has still been no cure for HIV or AIDS.


It is far from being a unique situation when the high promise of some field of research has turned out to be less attainable than serious people believed. Apparently, the obvious prophylactic and a vaccine must be intrinsically more difficult to develop than Heckler and her advisers could have imagined."

From the Paper
"PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARISON AND FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND
Introduction
This research compares pharmaceutical research and development in France and Switzerland. Two pharmaceutical manufacturers "Roussel Uccaf in France and Sandoz in Switzerland" provide the focus for this comparison.
Inventions and Their Importance
Innovation, in an economic context, is the introduction of new products, or production processes. It is the last stage in a three-stage process that begins with invention (the discovery or devising of new products or processes) and is followed, in turn, by development (the process of converting new ideas and principles emerging from the invention stage into marketable and usable.."

Abstract
This paper explains the political process that led the Brazilian government to provide persons infected with HIV with the drugs needed to stave off the virus, giving the individual's body time to rebuild its immune system, thus stabilizing the growth of the disease within the population. The author points out that, in Brazil, any patient can walk into a government clinic, certify, and get the drugs made by the government, free of charge; whereas, in the United States, AIDS drugs are provided through the complexity of the health care infrastructure and funded by a variety of methods such as private insurance, Medicaid, Medicare, and private organizations. The paper relates that the global, commercial drug companies are fighting the Brazilian program because the price of their drugs is 72% higher than the price of the Brazilian drugs produced under the government program. Graphs.

From the Paper
"The search across space and time for a solution to this problem may not have been a conscious thing. The simple glance at a newspaper article can spark the imagination and thus inspire a lesson to be drawn. Certainly, in America, we like to think of ourselves as leaders. When the title of an article proclaims a foreign nation to be a world leader, some attention is owed the topic. The question of whether the program would work in the U.S. or not must be answered second to the question of whether we should even look to Brazil in the first place. Using a matrix used by Richard Rose to test the initial question the answer may be yes."

Tags:azt, manufacture, drug, infrastructure, ffree

Abstract
This paper discusses the history, causes, and effects of AIDS, including treatments and infection statistics. The paper includes heavily detailed scientific descriptions of diseases that come with AIDS.

From the Paper
"This means that the chances are very likely that the lives of almost every American has been touched by AIDS, either because they themselves have the disease or because they know someone who has it. But even though so many people have been affected in some way, it is fair to say that AIDS is misunderstood by a majority of the population. Individuals as different as homosexual men, elderly transfusion recipients, heterosexual women, drug-using heterosexual men and infants have all developed AIDS with only one common denominator: infection with HIV."

Tags:lyphendanopathy, HIV, tuberculosis, heterosexual, CDC, immunology, AZT

Abstract
This is a highly specialized -- in-depth paper on Virogenomics , the deciphering of the viral genome sequence. The author looks at statistics, provides charts and graphs and traces the history of this fascinating new field.

From the Paper
"Influenza, HIV, Hepatitus, Herpes simplex, and cytomegalovirus are just some of the many examples of viral diseases that plague our global population today. Primitive efforts to control these viruses have mostly focused on the split product and surface antigen vaccines. Although these vaccines have proved to be helpful in initiating the immune response against these viruses, whether it be healthy adults, or elderly people with medical conditions, the coverage is often low. Viruses quickly mutate, and there are often different strains circulating, so most of the time, these types of vaccines may or may not provide any protection against these viruses."

Tags:aids, antiviral, azt, biology, drugs, genes, genetics, genome, herpes, hiv, host, infection, influenza, microarray, sequence, virogenomics, virus