Abstract
This paper explains that the four centuries old disputation, between Muslims and Hindus over the Ayodhya site, is difficult to resolve because the particular geographical context of the place itself produces symbolic understandings. Next, to comprehend the meaning of this place, the will to control it and its spatial organization, the author analyzes the construction of this conflict across history from the perspective of sacred and political geography. The paper describes a proposed solution by the Indian court to split Ayodhya between the parties; however, the author underscores that controversies about legitimacy are hard to resolve. The paper includes several colored illustrations and footnotes.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Historical Dimension of a Topical Conflict
History of the Control of That Key Site
Contemporary Dimension of the Conflict: It Generates a Spatial Organization
Sacred Geography: Meanings And Claims Of Legitimacy
The Territorialization of the Divine to Legitimate the Occupation of the Land
Settling Controversies of Legitimacy and Appropriation Of Space: The References to Archaeological and Institutional Discourses
Political Geography: Fundamentalism as an Exploitation of Religious Themes and Geography to Legitimate Actions and Occupation of the Space
Spatial Dimension of Hinduism Used to Legitimate Political Power: The Development of Nationalist Movements
Ayodhya, a Space of Ethnic Conflict
Ayodhya, a Conflict between a Secularist India and a Hindu One
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Since the 1980s, the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh has been at the heart of a long lasting dispute between Hindus and Muslims concerning the site of Ayodhya. One hundred and fifty years ago, Hindus began to dispute the Babri Masjid mosque built in 1528 by the Mughal emperor Babur. This mosque was erected precisely on the ancient location of a supposed Hindu temple built on Rama's alleged birth place, and Hindus accuse the Muslims of having destroyed the temple to build the mosque instead. Lord Rama is the most revered figure in Hinduism, hence the very symbolic value of the place."

Tags:legitimacy, symbolic value, scientific evidence, nationalist movements, secular

Abstract
This paper explains that the religion of Christian Science impacts the health care of religionists because Christian Scientists generally choose not to consult doctors, use medicine, and even refuse vaccines unless mandated by law. The author points out the extensive influence of the Spanish culture, with Roman Catholicism as the main religion that is prevalent in Spain and several other countries such as Argentina, Bolivia, Columbia, Cuba, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Equatorial Guinea, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The paper relates that the main religion practiced in India is Hinduism, though India has large population segments that follow the Christian and Islamic faiths. The most commonly followed traditions are those that are linked to popular Hindu festivals, such as Diwali or the festival of lights, which is celebrated every year to mark the anniversary of Lord Ram's return to Ayodhya from exile.

Table of Contents
Religions
Roman Catholic
Christian Scientist
Buddhism
Cultures
Spain
Vietnam
India

From the Paper
"The Roman Catholic religion believes in the Holy Trinity of a creator God the Father; Jesus Christ, His Son; and the Holy Spirit. Other beliefs that characterize the religion are the original sin; the forgiveness of sin; the second coming of the Lord; and life after death. Given its belief in sin, the religion offers the hope of salvation through its sacraments and baptism. Infant baptism is encouraged to erase the original sin and as a start to a spiritual life through the Church. In addition, the Roman Catholic Church holds that the mass is a continuation of the sacrifice made by Christ and thus teaches the doctrine of transubstantiation or that the bread and wine at communion actually become the body and blood of Christ. Generally, the religion has no dietary restrictions. However, it advocates abstaining from meat and meat products on Ash Wednesday and the Fridays of the month of Lent."

Tags:ahimsa, diwali, health, influence, sacraments

Abstract
This paper explains the anthropological significance of "Ramayana", "The Epic of Gilgamesh", and "The Art of War" and points out the contribution these works have had toward a better understanding of complicated social, moral, and military aspects of human nature.

From the Paper
"Literature has always served the purpose of connecting the reader with the time period in which it was written. This is why the writings of the distant past, even in translation, are among the most fascinating to modern scholars. Anthropologists such as Saussure, Joseph Campbell and others were seminal in uncovering mythological themes in ancient texts. As archeology supplemented legend, the literary world found evidence that the mythical worlds evidenced by the works of antiquity was in some cases based in fact. Three of the most intriguing works of antiquity are Ramayana, The Epic of Gilgamesh, and The Art of War. Each provides the reviewer with insight as to the origins of a particular culture or geographic region."

Tags:mythological, themes, indian, ayodhya, ravana, rama, babylonian, sumerian, enkidu, uruk, ishtar, strategic, tacticians