Abstract
In his televised 2002 State of the Union speech, President George W. Bush characterized Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as the "axis of evil." An invocation of this type has been labeled as demonizing. This paper defines demonizing in terms of Raymond Kelly's hypothesis about the origin of war in his work, "Warless Societies and the Origin of War," as a social practice in relation to the development of a social doctrine of social substitution. It describes how it has been used in contemporary times and suggests likely reactions and consequences to President Bush's coining of the term, "axis of evil".

From the Paper
"Demonization is the process whereby individuals, groups, organizations, or national leaders portray others in ontological in a suspicious, nefarious, corrupt, frightening, or immoral light. Demonization is ontological, that it, it is human nature to do so under times of duress and fear.3 Actions and ideas also subject to demonizaion. Spoken and written words, pictures, caricatures, theatrical or film portrayals, cartoons, and protest actions constitute the demonization substance. Those demonized represent a wide spectrum, ranging from politicians like Cambodia's Pol Pot pictured as a monster who oversaw the killing of millions of his fellow Cambodians, Saddam Hussein pictured as a despot who employed nerve gas against his own people and publicly called a "world menace" by British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, or Germany's Adolph Hitler who unleashed what was the most heinous barbarism known in history, as well as promoters of ideas like Malcolm X, who at one time advocated formal Black and White racial separation etc."

Tags:terrorism, iraq, iran

Abstract
This paper will seek to understand the new development of the "Axis of evil" that has been coined by the new President Bush. By understanding the competing views on this very serious political statement, we can understand the Party platforms that are being created in the disagreement on the how to view the Middle Eastern world. By showing the definite problems with this 'axis', we can understand how power plays a large part into the domination that the United States seeks in the oil industry, and can largely be defined though this medium.

Abstract
The paper argues that as a nation, the American people choose to culturally perpetuate the idea that the president is the reason for success or failure in any given international decision, while an outside perspective supports the idea that the US has a history of meddling that overarches the wishes of others. The paper uses North Korea as an example and discusses how while Americans think of president Bush as the mastermind behind the development of North Korea as one of the famed "axis of evil." Koreans often see the whole nation making historically bad decisions to undermine the wishes and will of other nations. The paper provides an image of Obama as a super hero to illustrate how a great many people believe he is wholly in charge of all decisions and actions taken by the US, when really at best he wields a great deal of influence. This paper contains several figures.

From the Paper
"It would seem that most Americans think of the president as the wielder of an all powerful decision making body. The "administration" is headed by an individual who is the face of the people, a people who seem to believe that he is capable of making all the decisions, despite the fact that he is not and that historically there is rarely a real change in policy, from an international perspective when a "new" head of state takes office. Korea itself is particularly interesting when it comes to this issue as the division between North and South Korea, despite the regional desire for unity, with different terms for unity causing the continual rift was in part supported and created by the US, when a completely different "head of state" was in charge. Many people in the world and especially in Korea see the US as a meddler, seeking to continually serve its own interests all over the world and some of these interests give no credence to the people the "president" is seeking to protect and with only limited belief that the president in charge really makes a difference. "

Tags:North, Korea, Bush, Obama, administration

Abstract
This paper explains that countries need to follow the whole process of building a liberal democracy from beginning to end for there to be true liberty, or a true liberal democracy, in that country. The author uses the case study of Pakistan, as compared to England, as an example of Zakaria?s theories in action; a country, Pakistan, that has not experienced a history of building liberal democracy lacks the understanding necessary to develop vibrant capitalism and a robust democracy. The paper concludes that liberty, in Zakaria?s sense, cannot be forced upon a country, however much the U.S. will try in countries, such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, or any of the countries on the "axis of evil".

From the Paper
"While the religious parties take to the streets, in an attempt to persuade Pakistani's to join in their jihad against the West, the two large mainstream parties, the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) [PML-N] and the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) are cracking, unable to decide where to go, what policies to pursue, disillusioned by the fact that there is no knowing the future in Pakistan. With the moderate opposition silent, the danger remains that public resentment will play into the hands of the Islamic fundamentalists."

Tags:musharraf, capitalism, fundamentalists, iraq, afghanistan

Abstract
This paper explains that the plot of Herman Melville's "Billy Budd" revolves around the central axis of the war between good and evil by using Biblical and mythical allusions. The author relates that, although Billy Budd seems to be the innocent character, from a religious point of view he becomes guilty after committing an involuntary crime. The paper concludes that the central message of the story is that natural innocence is to be preferred instead of moral truth.

From the Paper
"The character of Billy Budd is drafted on an opposition between the natural and the religious truth. He is at once portrayed as a noble savage, with a natural charm and a baffling innocence. Billy attracts everyone through his natural and pure character, but at the same time, he inspires some of the others with sinful feelings of either desire or envy. His shipmates and the captain also are irresistibly drawn towards Billy as to something incredibly pure and innocent. His beauty also emphasizes the idea that he represents natural perfection. He represents nature in its pristine form, untouched by the usual tinges of civilization. In shape, he seems to be descended from the "unadulterated blood of Ham", an ideal representation of nature and savageness, with an intensely black skin:"[He was] so intensely black that he must needs have been a native African of the unadulterated blood of Ham. A symmetric figure much above the average height."(Melville, 2) His shipmates swarm around him, attracted irresistibly by his natural virtue and sweetness: "Not that he preached to them or said or did anything in particular; but a virtue went out of him

Tags:stammer, ship, symbolic, allusions, innocence

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the purpose and thesis of Michael Breen's biography of North Korea's leader Kim Jong II is neatly encapsulated in its deliberately ironic title: 'Kim Jong-II, North Korea's Dear Leader'. The writer points out that North Korea is considered a rogue state by most of the world. It is a dictatorship with a nuclear program that seeks to threaten the West. President Bush has identified Jong's nation as one of the members of an "Axis of Evil" that threatens freedom and democracy all over the world. The writer notes that it is the only non-Islamic nation that is a part of this so-called Axis. The writer discusses that Breen attempts to strike a balance between the inflated rhetoric by the current U.S. administration and the truth of North Korea's brutality, without endorsing blind hatred of North Korea or defending the dictator Jong's actions towards the North Korean people.

From the Paper
"The analogy with the way that the administration treated Saddam Hussein in its rhetoric and Kim Jong II seems inevitable, not in terms of the policy or culture of the two nations but in terms of the polarizing rhetoric that is used--like Saddam Hussein, Kim Jong II mistreats his citizens and uses his position for personal gain, rather than to benefit his state and he permits no dissent amongst his people. But simply calling a nation evil is not a portrait of the nation and does nothing, Breen argues, to facilitate understanding the nation or making the nation listen to the United States' demands or desires.
"But here, the value of this analogy with Korea and its fellow Axis of Evil nations ends, for unlike other nations, North Korea is unique in its insularity as a society, which makes some of Breen's research difficult and means that many of its citizens have never been exposed to the West."

Tags:dictator, North, Korean, nation

Abstract
This paper reviews how the history of the war in Iraq demonstrates that controversy is inevitable when a government plots to unleash an unjustified preemptive war against a sovereign state, accuses it of being part of a terrorist axis of evil, defies the will of the international community by attacking that sovereign state on the pretext that its weapons of mass destruction are a threat to peace and international stability and then no weapons of mass destruction are found. The paper further discusses how the Bush Administration's Iraq policies have been mired in controversy from the very beginning, for many Americans and much of the international community suspected the Bush Administration of ulterior motives.

Tags:war, in, iraq

Abstract
This paper summarizes and discusses the principal pros and cons of the U.S.-led coalition war with Iraq that began in March, 2003. It looks at Saddam's Hussein's territorial aggression and his flouting of U.N. resolutions as well as President George W. Bush's concept of the "axis of evil."

Tags:war, Iraq, Coalition

Abstract
President Bush called North Korea a part of the "Axis of Evil." The paper argues that the reason for North Korea's fall from grace is due to Kim Il Sung, the Communist leader who was responsible not only for keeping the two Koreas separate, but helped foment the Korean War and the privation of the North Koreans under a stagnant economy and a strict government which allowed few, if any, freedoms for its subservient people.

From the Paper
"In trying to create a biography of a world leader, one is supposed to dig to try to find a fairly evenly balanced assessment of the man, his authority, his legacy, and the good and bad he has achieved. There is little or no "good" that one can find in the history of North Korea. Kim has authorized the attempted assassination of South Korean presidents, in one instance, killing the president's wife, in another, in Rangoon, killing a dozen or so South Korean officials (but not the President). Kim had agents infiltrating most Southeast Asian nations, hoping to stir up trouble, especially with South Korea, which he always saw as a lackey to the U.S., and therefore not "Korean" enough. Of course, it was also a way to take the North Korean peoples minds off their own political and economic woes."

Tags:Soviet, Japanese, Workers, Party, Seoul

Abstract
In looking at the risks of a U.S. war with Iraq, this paper discusses the increase in the threat to national security, the destabilization of world peace and the violation of democratic principles. The author draws the conclusion that America would be violating each and every principle that it claims to uphold if it chooses to go to war with Iraq.

Outline
1. An increase in the threat to national security.
a. Mercenary and fundamentalist factions in Afghanistan that once followed U.S. wishes turned against the U.S. post the Gulf War against Iraq, ultimately leading to September 11, 2001.
b. Rise in anti-American sentiment
i. Questions over U.S. rhetoric and double standards such as categorizing Iraq and Iran as belonging to the "axis of evil," but continuing to turn a blind eye to terrorist activity in Pakistan within its own borders and in Kashmir.
2. Destabilization of world peace
a. U.S. action against Iraq could lead to further destabilization of the entire Middle East region, as opined by many leading experts.

b. Breakdown of international arms non-proliferation and disarmament efforts since U.S. preemptive action will lend further justification to countries of different ideological leanings to arm themselves in the interests of national self-defense.

3. Violation of democratic principles
a. The right of the people of each country to choose their preferred course of action and if so desired overthrow their own government, which has been exercised time and again in world history
i. Our own struggle to break away from British Imperialism
ii. India's freedom of struggle against the British using non-violent principles and forms of rebellion.
iii. The increasing fall in U.S. public opinion
b. A war against an already deprived and suffering nation raises questions about humanitarian principles.
4. In conclusion, we will be violating each and every principle that we claim to uphold if we choose to go to war with Iraq.

From the Paper
"I don't think anyone in the free world doubts that Saddam Hussein is a "threat" to international peace. However, any military action is likely to be risky and self-defeating at this point in time. To start with, any U.S. action against Iraq and that too, without support from the UN and the international community is likely to endanger and not protect national security. For after all, let's not forget and let's face upto the fact that Osama was, in many ways, a creation of the U.S., who brought together a combination of communal factions and mercenaries in Afghanistan during the years of the Cold War, on the platform of anti-communism and "jehad." Post the end of the Cold War, however, various interested factions in the Islamic world continued to use Afghanistan and the very same U.S. creations of jehadis to spread Islamic fundamentalism."

Tags:hussein, invade, security, peace, democracy, saddam